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Da residência alternada e outros modos de exercício das responsabilidades parentais
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Nas recentes alterações legislativas no âmbito do Direito dos Menores é possível vislumbrar um intento constante por parte do legislador: a partilha tendencialmente igualitária de direitos e deveres por ambos os progenitores.
Este objectivo tem dois pressupostos subjacentes, que estão a contribuir para uma mudança de paradigma. O primeiro é o da igualdade de género, que não se compadece com divergências não fundamentáveis em razões substantivas relevantes. O segundo deve-se ao contributo prolífico das Ciências Sociais, que têm vindo a demonstrar que o menor filho de pais separados necessita de uma interação constante com ambos os progenitores, de modo a consolidar uma relação de vinculação segura com os dois. Ou seja, assim o dita o princípio do superior interesse da criança.
Encetado o percurso de procura sobre qual o melhor modo de exercício das responsabilidades parentais para assegurar ambas as preocupações, no que à matéria da residência diz respeito, deparamo-nos com a residência alternada. Assim, esta começou a ser tratada na jurisprudência, tanto inserida em acordos entre os progenitores como até fixada pelos tribunais na ausência de acordo.
Sucede, porém, que logo que esta começou a ser proposta, vários inconvenientes lhe foram sendo imputados, tanto de cariz jurídico como de cariz científico.
Procuraremos, portanto, responder à questão de saber se a residência alternada é uma forma idónea para prosseguir o superior interesse da criança, sem deixar de dar resposta a todos os problemas jurídicos que têm vindo a ser trazidos à colação na jurisprudência nesta matéria.
Sempre tendo em mente o princípio do superior interesse da criança, analisaremos também a possibilidade de uma revisão legislativa que, à semelhança do que tem acontecido noutros ordenamentos jurídicos, estatua uma “presunção jurídica da residência alternada”, hipótese que, inserida numa petição de cidadãos, foi sugerida à Assembleia da República em Julho de 2018.
The recent modifications in Family Law have a very specific target: a more equitative sharing of rights and duties by both parents. This aim has two underlying assumptions that are contributing to a paradigm change. The first one is gender equality, which is not compatible with differences of treatment that are not based on substantive reasons. The second assumption is that the child of separated parents needs constant interaction with both parents in order to consolidate a secure bonding relationship with both of them. This has been well demonstrated in recent scientific studies in Social Science as it were the benefits of having that secure bonding relationship with both mother and father. In this sense, it is an imposition of the best interest of the child principle. As we begin our search for the best way to exercise parental responsibility in order to ensure both concerns, we come across joint physical custody. This solution has been dealt with in the courts, both inserted in parent agreements and as a solution ordered by the court in the absence of such agreement. However, as soon as it was first proposed, joint physical custody was subject to scrutiny and several inconveniences were imputed to it, both legal and scientific. We will, therefore, seek to answer the question of whether joint physical custody is a suitable way of pursuing the best interest of the child, while addressing all the legal problems that have been brought into the courts. Always bearing in mind the principle of the best interest of the child, we will also consider the possibility of a legislative modification that creates a “legal presumption of joint physical custody”. This hypothesis was inserted in other legal systems, such as the Australian, and was the subject of a petition to the Portuguese Parliament in July 2018.
The recent modifications in Family Law have a very specific target: a more equitative sharing of rights and duties by both parents. This aim has two underlying assumptions that are contributing to a paradigm change. The first one is gender equality, which is not compatible with differences of treatment that are not based on substantive reasons. The second assumption is that the child of separated parents needs constant interaction with both parents in order to consolidate a secure bonding relationship with both of them. This has been well demonstrated in recent scientific studies in Social Science as it were the benefits of having that secure bonding relationship with both mother and father. In this sense, it is an imposition of the best interest of the child principle. As we begin our search for the best way to exercise parental responsibility in order to ensure both concerns, we come across joint physical custody. This solution has been dealt with in the courts, both inserted in parent agreements and as a solution ordered by the court in the absence of such agreement. However, as soon as it was first proposed, joint physical custody was subject to scrutiny and several inconveniences were imputed to it, both legal and scientific. We will, therefore, seek to answer the question of whether joint physical custody is a suitable way of pursuing the best interest of the child, while addressing all the legal problems that have been brought into the courts. Always bearing in mind the principle of the best interest of the child, we will also consider the possibility of a legislative modification that creates a “legal presumption of joint physical custody”. This hypothesis was inserted in other legal systems, such as the Australian, and was the subject of a petition to the Portuguese Parliament in July 2018.
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Direito da família Residência alternada Responsabilidade parental Superior interesse da criança Guarda partilhada Teses de mestrado - 2020