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A presente dissertação propõe a aplicação de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para a otimização da decisão na localização de parques eólicos em Portugal continental, respondendo a desafios ambientais, energéticos e socioeconómicos. O estudo integra um conjunto de variáveis: declive, altimetria, proximidade à rede de transmissão de energia, proximidade à rede viária, velocidade média do vento e zonas de adequação a centros urbanos. O trabalho engloba a combinação de dois modelos distintos, nomeadamente uma análise multicritério e uma modelação por Máxima Entropia. A análise multicritério é amplamente utilizada em estudos de ordenamento do território, assente numa abordagem determinística, permitindo a combinação de variáveis heterogéneas em escalas comparáveis. Por outro lado, a modelação por Máxima Entropia (MaxEnt) oferece uma abordagem probabilística e não linear, baseada em modelos complexos e algoritmos de machine learning, permitindo estimar a distribuição de adequação espacial com base em dados de presença. Os resultados obtidos pelos dois modelos foram integrados através de uma média ponderada, conduzindo à avaliação final do potencial eólico na área de estudo. Através da aplicação de dois modelos distintos, a metodologia adotada viabiliza uma avaliação integrada das interações entre variáveis técnicas, económicas, sociais e ambientais, contemplando a variabilidade meteorológica e a eficiência das redes de distribuição de energia. A integração destas abordagens, enquadradas com normas internacionais, reforça o processo de seleção de locais e contribui para o desenvolvimento de um sistema de planeamento mais adaptativo e resiliente, ultrapassando limitações associadas a abordagens estritamente lineares. Os resultados esperados visam contribuir para o cumprimento de políticas nacionais, como o Plano Nacional de Energia e Clima (PNEC) e o Roteiro para a Neutralidade Carbónica (RNC2050) através do fornecimento de recomendações práticas para a expansão sustentável da energia eólica em Portugal.
This dissertation proposes the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to support optimized decision-making in the site selection of wind farms across mainland Portugal, addressing environmental, energy, and socio-economic challenges. The study integrates a set of variables: slope, elevation, proximity to the power transmission grid, proximity to the road network, average wind speed, and suitability zones near urban centres. The research combines two distinct models, namely a multi-criteria analysis and a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model. Multi-criteria analysis is widely used in land-use and spatial planning and is based on a deterministic approach, allowing the combination of heterogeneous variables on comparable scales. In contrast, the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model provides a probabilistic and non-linear approach, based on complex models and machine-learning algorithms, enabling the estimation of spatial suitability based on presence data. The results obtained from both models were integrated through a weighted average, leading to the final assessment of wind-energy potential in the study area. Through the application of these two models, the adopted methodology enables an integrated assessment of interactions between technical, economic, social, and environmental variables, considering meteorological variability and the efficiency of energy distribution networks. The integration of these approaches, aligned with international standards, strengthens the site-selection process and contributes to the development of a more adaptive and resilient planning framework, overcoming limitations associated with strictly linear approaches. The expected outcomes aim to support national policies such as the National Energy and Climate Plan (PNEC) and the Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality (RNC2050) by providing practical recommendations for the sustainable expansion of wind energy in Portugal.
This dissertation proposes the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to support optimized decision-making in the site selection of wind farms across mainland Portugal, addressing environmental, energy, and socio-economic challenges. The study integrates a set of variables: slope, elevation, proximity to the power transmission grid, proximity to the road network, average wind speed, and suitability zones near urban centres. The research combines two distinct models, namely a multi-criteria analysis and a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model. Multi-criteria analysis is widely used in land-use and spatial planning and is based on a deterministic approach, allowing the combination of heterogeneous variables on comparable scales. In contrast, the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model provides a probabilistic and non-linear approach, based on complex models and machine-learning algorithms, enabling the estimation of spatial suitability based on presence data. The results obtained from both models were integrated through a weighted average, leading to the final assessment of wind-energy potential in the study area. Through the application of these two models, the adopted methodology enables an integrated assessment of interactions between technical, economic, social, and environmental variables, considering meteorological variability and the efficiency of energy distribution networks. The integration of these approaches, aligned with international standards, strengthens the site-selection process and contributes to the development of a more adaptive and resilient planning framework, overcoming limitations associated with strictly linear approaches. The expected outcomes aim to support national policies such as the National Energy and Climate Plan (PNEC) and the Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality (RNC2050) by providing practical recommendations for the sustainable expansion of wind energy in Portugal.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Wind Energy Location Intelligence Spatial Modelling Complex Models Geographic Information Systems Energia Eólica Location Intelligence Modelação Espacial Modelos Complexos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica
