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Da (ir)responsabilidade penal dos entes coletivos pelo produto : o caso dos veículos autónomos
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| 2.08 MB | Adobe PDF |
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Serão inegáveis as vantagens oferecidas pelo advento dos veículos autónomos à humanidade. Desde a redução de acidentes rodoviários, à possibilidade de deslocação autónoma de pessoas com mobilidade reduzida, os veículos autónomos podem ser instrumentos na vanguarda da melhoria de vida da humanidade. Infelizmente, por mais benéficos e revolucionários que estes possam ser, verdade também será que a sua mera existência e natureza criam diversas e inovatórias dificuldades jurídicas. A resposta à mais simples pergunta, “quem é criminalmente responsável por um dano provocado por um veículo autónomo”, é, na realidade, de extrema dificuldade; e, confrontado agora com esta nova realidade, o direito português apresenta lacunas de punibilidade e falta de preparação para enfrentar estes novos desafios. Na presente dissertação, iremos abordar a responsabilidade criminal dos entes coletivos pelos veículos autónomos que criarem, nomeadamente, em que moldes é que uma tal responsabilidade – atualmente impossível no ordenamento jurídico português – se poderia fundamentar e verificar. Tal resposta implicará uma análise dos desafios que a IA apresenta para o direito penal, bem como as lacunas de responsabilização criadas pela natureza dos veículos autónomos. Como resposta, oferecer-se-á uma possível solução de responsabilização criminal das empresas pelos veículos autónomos que desenvolverem, enquadrada no âmbito da responsabilidade criminal pelo produto. Mas, face à necessidade de criação de uma norma que preveja essa responsabilidade, tal necessidade terá de ser extensamente fundamentada, pelo que se analisará, primeiro, a impossibilidade de responsabilização das pessoas coletivas pelos VA em Portugal, bem como da sua necessidade, e depois a responsabilidade penal pelo produto. Por fim, com base nas conclusões aí tecidas, defender-se-á a extensão dos crimes catálogos pelos quais as pessoas coletivas podem responder criminalmente, e procurar-se-á justificar a existência de dever de garante da empresa produtora de veículos autónomos, que a obrigue a atuar por forma a impedir a ocorrência de danos.
The advantages offered to humanity by the advent of autonomous vehicles are undeniable. From the reduction of road accidents to the possibility of autonomous travel for people with reduced mobility, autonomous vehicles can be instruments at the forefront of improving humanity's life. Unfortunately, however beneficial and revolutionary they may be, it is also true that their mere existence and nature create a number of novel legal difficulties. The answer to the simplest question, "who is criminally liable for damage caused by an autonomous vehicle", is in fact extremely difficult; and, now faced with this new reality, Portuguese law has gaps in punishability and a lack of preparation to face these new challenges. In this dissertation, we will address the criminal liability of collective entities for the autonomous vehicles they create, namely in what way such liability - currently impossible in the Portuguese legal system - could be founded and verified. This answer will involve an analysis of the challenges that AI presents for criminal law, as well as the liability gaps created by the nature of autonomous vehicles. As an answer, a possible solution will be offered of holding companies criminally liable for the autonomous vehicles they develop, within the scope of product liability. However, given the need to create a rule providing for such liability, this need will have to be extensively substantiated, so we will first analyze the impossibility of holding legal persons liable for AVs in Portugal, as well as its necessity, and then criminal product liability. Finally, on the basis of the conclusions drawn therein, we will defend the extension of the catalog of crimes for which legal persons can be held criminally liable, and we will try to justify the existence of a guarantor's duty on the part of the company producing autonomous vehicles, which obliges it to act in order to prevent damage from occurring.
The advantages offered to humanity by the advent of autonomous vehicles are undeniable. From the reduction of road accidents to the possibility of autonomous travel for people with reduced mobility, autonomous vehicles can be instruments at the forefront of improving humanity's life. Unfortunately, however beneficial and revolutionary they may be, it is also true that their mere existence and nature create a number of novel legal difficulties. The answer to the simplest question, "who is criminally liable for damage caused by an autonomous vehicle", is in fact extremely difficult; and, now faced with this new reality, Portuguese law has gaps in punishability and a lack of preparation to face these new challenges. In this dissertation, we will address the criminal liability of collective entities for the autonomous vehicles they create, namely in what way such liability - currently impossible in the Portuguese legal system - could be founded and verified. This answer will involve an analysis of the challenges that AI presents for criminal law, as well as the liability gaps created by the nature of autonomous vehicles. As an answer, a possible solution will be offered of holding companies criminally liable for the autonomous vehicles they develop, within the scope of product liability. However, given the need to create a rule providing for such liability, this need will have to be extensively substantiated, so we will first analyze the impossibility of holding legal persons liable for AVs in Portugal, as well as its necessity, and then criminal product liability. Finally, on the basis of the conclusions drawn therein, we will defend the extension of the catalog of crimes for which legal persons can be held criminally liable, and we will try to justify the existence of a guarantor's duty on the part of the company producing autonomous vehicles, which obliges it to act in order to prevent damage from occurring.
Description
Keywords
Veículos autónomos Inteligência artificial Pessoa coletiva Produtor Teses de mestrado - 2025 Autonomous vehicles Artificial intelligence Legal person Producer