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A distrofia muscular é uma doença neuromuscular, progressiva, hereditária ligada ao cromossoma X, atingindo crianças do sexo masculino. A distrofia muscular de Duchenne é a mais frequente e conhecida pela sua gravidade e rápida evolução. O fenótipo apresentado resulta de uma alteração do gene da distrofina, produzindo-se uma proteína distrofina inviável, formando-se um músculo vulnerável ao dano mecânico.
É uma doença incapacitante, caracterizada pela perda precoce da capacidade de andar, com diminuição da esperança média de vida, sendo hoje as principais causas de morte, principalmente condicionadas por doenças do foro cardiovascular.
A DMD actualmente não tem uma terapia curativa e encontra na fisioterapia, na cirurgia, no uso dos corticóides e no acompanhamento da patologia cardíaca inerente a esta patologia, os principais meios utilizados para atrasar o progresso da doença e melhorar a qualidade de vida destes doentes. O avanço nestas terapêuticas levou ao aumento da esperança média de vida nos últimos anos, de tal forma que atualmente é considerada uma patologia da criança mas também do adulto.
Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos caracterizam-se também por alterações do foro vascular nos territórios capilares arteriais, levando a uma isquémia funcional que contribui para a degradação progressiva do músculo estriado (cardíaco e esquelético), cada vez mais susceptível à lesão mecânica produzida pela atividade repetida e consequente da condição física do doente. É neste contexto que aparecem as abordagens vasculares como terapêuticas promissoras no tratamento da DMD, que visam melhorar a capacidade de relaxamento dos vasos que está alterada nesta condição, promovendo a vasodilatação e estimulando o processo de angiogénese, onde o VEGF assume um papel importante. Estes mecanismos pró-angiogénicos estimulam a miogénese, essencial para a regeneração do músculo lesado.
Esta revisão incide nos mecanismos vasculares que estão associados à DMD e no estudo dos mesmos para a identificação de possíveis alvos terapêuticos onde poderemos actuar, na tentativa de aumentarmos as opções terapêuticas nesta patologia.
Muscular dystrophy is a progressive, hereditary neuromuscular disease linked to the X chromosome, affecting male children. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most frequent and is known for its severity and rapid evolution. The phenotype presented results from a change in the dystrophin gene, producing an infeasible dystrophin protein, forming a muscle vulnerable to mechanical damage. It is a disabling disease, characterized by the early loss of walking ability, with a decrease in the average life expectancy. The main causes of death are the cardiovascular ones. being the main causes of death the cardiovascular causes. DMD currently does not have a curative therapy, being the physiotherapy, surgery, the use of corticoids and the monitoring of the cardiac pathology inherent in this pathology, the main means used to delay the progress of the disease and to improve the quality of life of these pacients. The advancement in these therapies has led to an increase in the average life expectancy in recent years, and is now considered not only a pathology of the child but also of the adult. DMD is also characterized by vascular disorders, leading to functional ischemia that contributes to the deterioration of the patient's physical condition. It is in this context that vascular approaches appear as promising therapies in the treatment of DMD, which aim to improve the relaxation capacity of vessels which is altered in this condition, promoting vasodilation and stimulating the process of angiogenesis, where VEGF plays an important role. These pro-angiogenic mechanisms stimulate myogenesis, essential for the regeneration of the injured muscle. This review focuses on the vascular mechanisms that are associated with DMD and their study for the identification of possible therapeutic targets where we can act in an attempt to increase the therapeutic options for this pathology.
Muscular dystrophy is a progressive, hereditary neuromuscular disease linked to the X chromosome, affecting male children. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most frequent and is known for its severity and rapid evolution. The phenotype presented results from a change in the dystrophin gene, producing an infeasible dystrophin protein, forming a muscle vulnerable to mechanical damage. It is a disabling disease, characterized by the early loss of walking ability, with a decrease in the average life expectancy. The main causes of death are the cardiovascular ones. being the main causes of death the cardiovascular causes. DMD currently does not have a curative therapy, being the physiotherapy, surgery, the use of corticoids and the monitoring of the cardiac pathology inherent in this pathology, the main means used to delay the progress of the disease and to improve the quality of life of these pacients. The advancement in these therapies has led to an increase in the average life expectancy in recent years, and is now considered not only a pathology of the child but also of the adult. DMD is also characterized by vascular disorders, leading to functional ischemia that contributes to the deterioration of the patient's physical condition. It is in this context that vascular approaches appear as promising therapies in the treatment of DMD, which aim to improve the relaxation capacity of vessels which is altered in this condition, promoting vasodilation and stimulating the process of angiogenesis, where VEGF plays an important role. These pro-angiogenic mechanisms stimulate myogenesis, essential for the regeneration of the injured muscle. This review focuses on the vascular mechanisms that are associated with DMD and their study for the identification of possible therapeutic targets where we can act in an attempt to increase the therapeutic options for this pathology.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2017
Palavras-chave
Distrofia muscular de duchene Distrofina Angiogénese Miogénese Medicina física e reabilitação
