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Authors
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Este trabalho pretendeu analisar os factores que motivam as flutuações cíclicas da
produtividade do trabalho. Consideraram-se duas categorias de explicações: uma
fundamentada nos programas de optimização das empresas (intra-empresarial) e outra
na mobilidade dos trabalhadores (inter-empresarial).
As primeiras centram-se na influência das estruturas organizacionais nas reacções das
empresas perante alterações da conjuntura. Neste domínio, o modelo de referência é o
neoclássico que, com base, em rendimentos marginais decrescentes prevê produtividade
do trabalho contra-cíclica. Recentemente, surgiram especificações que consideram"
economias de escala, existência de heterogeneidade entre agentes económicos, custos no
ajustamento das estruturas produtivas, práticas de labor hoarding e concorrência
imperfeita. A correlação esperada entre produtividade e ciclo económico afasta-se da
deduzida pelo modelo inicial mas aproxima-se da encontrada nos dados disponíveis
(pro-cíclica).
As concepções inter-empresariais associam as flutuações da produtividade à influência
das perturbações agregadas na afectação dos recursos. Realçam a relevância das
transferências de factores entre empresas com produtividades distintas. Estas dinâmicas
traduzem-se em cleansing e sullying effects. De acordo com os primeiros, as recessões
ao induzirem perdas de rentabilidade nos empregos menos produtivos, levam os
factores a deslocarem-se para aplicações mais adequadas ao seu potencial. Prevêem por
isso produtividade contra-cíclica. Para os segundos havendo nas recessões menor
propensão à criação de emprego, os benefícios da mobilidade reduzem-se. Os ganhos de
eficiência da transferência de factores estariam assim concentrados nas expansões.
Logo, a produtividade seria pro-cíclica.
Para testar estas teorias usámos um painel de empresas empregando mais de 100
trabalhadores, extraído do Balanço Social. Identificámos nas flutuações de curto prazo
da produtividade do trabalho, o contributo dos factores inter e intra-empresariais. No
painel, a produtividade apresentou-se pro-cíclica. Ao nível da reafectaçào destacaram-se
os cleansing effects. No plano intra-empresarial foram várias as dinâmicas importantes.
Finalmente, concluímos que as forças intra-empresariais favorecendo a pro-ciclicidade
superaram as inter-empresariais de pendor contracíclico.
This essay analyses the factors behind the cyclical behaviour of labor productivity. For that matter, a theoretical framework attending to intra-fim and inter-firm explanations for the pattem observed is considered. The intra-firm theories establish a link between organizational structure characteristics and managers reaction to business cycle^fluctuations. At this levei, the neoclassical model persists as the central reference. According to its results average productivity is countercyclical. Empirical evidence showing the opposite induced the development of new theories. Modiíying the initial hypothesis to account for effects such as scale economies, adjustment costs, labor hoarding, workers heterogeneity and imperfect competition produces procyclical productivity. The second group of explanations {inter-firm theories) explores the relation between worker mobility and aggregate fluctuations. Two competing approaches are considered. The cleansing effects approach explain the mechanisms trough which recessions induce a more efficient resources allocation, enhancing counterciclical labor productivity. Considering the association between the number of vacancies available and new labor relations quality, the sullying effects approach associates periods of efficiency gains to booms. In this scenario reallocation induces procyclical productivity. Exploiting a unique data set of 2000 firms with more than 100 workers collected from the Balanço Social, for the period between 1995 and 1999, we confront these theories. This panei was initially used to compare the role of intra and inter-firm dynamics to account for cyclical variations of labor productivity. The results indicate that labor productivity is procyclical. Furthermore, this study shows that for the portuguese economy cleansing effects dominate over sullying effects. Secondly, conceming intrafirm theories, our findings indicate that only a framework integrating several sources of cyclical productivity fluctuations is able to explain the observed evidence. Finally, we fínd procyclical intra-firm effects to be stronger than countercyclical inter-firm dynamics.
This essay analyses the factors behind the cyclical behaviour of labor productivity. For that matter, a theoretical framework attending to intra-fim and inter-firm explanations for the pattem observed is considered. The intra-firm theories establish a link between organizational structure characteristics and managers reaction to business cycle^fluctuations. At this levei, the neoclassical model persists as the central reference. According to its results average productivity is countercyclical. Empirical evidence showing the opposite induced the development of new theories. Modiíying the initial hypothesis to account for effects such as scale economies, adjustment costs, labor hoarding, workers heterogeneity and imperfect competition produces procyclical productivity. The second group of explanations {inter-firm theories) explores the relation between worker mobility and aggregate fluctuations. Two competing approaches are considered. The cleansing effects approach explain the mechanisms trough which recessions induce a more efficient resources allocation, enhancing counterciclical labor productivity. Considering the association between the number of vacancies available and new labor relations quality, the sullying effects approach associates periods of efficiency gains to booms. In this scenario reallocation induces procyclical productivity. Exploiting a unique data set of 2000 firms with more than 100 workers collected from the Balanço Social, for the period between 1995 and 1999, we confront these theories. This panei was initially used to compare the role of intra and inter-firm dynamics to account for cyclical variations of labor productivity. The results indicate that labor productivity is procyclical. Furthermore, this study shows that for the portuguese economy cleansing effects dominate over sullying effects. Secondly, conceming intrafirm theories, our findings indicate that only a framework integrating several sources of cyclical productivity fluctuations is able to explain the observed evidence. Finally, we fínd procyclical intra-firm effects to be stronger than countercyclical inter-firm dynamics.
Description
Mestrado em Economia.
Keywords
Produtividade do trabalho Ciclo económico Procura de trabalho Mobilidade Labor productivity Business Cycle Labor Demand Mobility
Pedagogical Context
Citation
Simões, Nádia Nogueira (2004). " Procura de trabalho, produtividade e ciclo económico. Uma análise aplicada ao mercado de trabalho português". Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão.
Publisher
ISEG