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Plantas e produtos vegetais com ação no sistema digestivo: distúrbios funcionais gastrointestinais: dispepsia funcional e síndrome do intestino irritável
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As patologias do trato gastrointestinal são consideradas um importante problema de saúde pública que acomete grande parte da população mundial.
Estas doenças podem ser subdivididas em: distúrbios funcionais gastrointestinais, como a dispepsia funcional e a síndrome do intestino irritável, doenças inflamatórias intestinais, doenças do esófago e doenças ácido-pépticas.
No diagnóstico dos distúrbios funcionais gastrointestinais utilizam-se os Critérios de Roma IV, estes têm por base a presença de sintomas característicos e resultados objetivos de um número limitado de testes e investigações diagnósticas padrão.
Estes critérios definem distúrbios funcionais gastrointestinais como condições da interação intestino-cérebro.
A dispepsia funcional é uma condição que apresenta sintomas crónicos ou recorrentes ao nível da região gastroduodenal. Os sintomas geralmente incluem dor ou desconforto epigástrico, náuseas, eructações, saciedade precoce e inchaço.
A dispepsia funcional classifica-se em dois subtipos, a síndrome do desconforto pós-prandial e a síndrome da dor epigástrica.
A síndrome do intestino irritável é definida como um distúrbio intestinal funcional caracterizado por apresentar dor ou desconforto abdominal e alterações no fluxo intestinal sem a identificação de anormalidades estruturais.
Com uma relativa escassez de opções farmacológicas e um número reduzido de estudos sobre estas doenças gastrointestinais, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de medidas terapêuticas para estas doenças, sendo a fitoterapia uma das alternativas mais utilizadas.
As plantas medicinais com valor terapêutico nos distúrbios funcionais gastrointestinais agrupam-se, tendo em conta os seus constituintes mais proeminentes e os seus efeitos farmacológicos, em: amara, amara-aromática, amara-acria, plantas com alcaloides espasmolíticos e plantas com outros constituintes.
A combinação de preparações à base de plantas é uma característica típica da fitoterapia, destas destacam-se o STW-5 e o Rikkunshi-to.
Com base na evidência científica é possível concluir que o óleo de hortelã-pimenta é eficaz no tratamento da dispepsia funcional (em combinação com o óleo de alcaravia) e da síndrome do intestino irritável (óleo utilizado isoladamente), uma vez que proporciona uma melhoria global dos sintomas característicos destas patologias.
Gastrointestinal tract pathologies are considered an important public health problem that affects a large part of the world population. These diseases can be subdivided into functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, diseases of the oesophagus and acid-peptic diseases. In the diagnosis of gastrointestinal functional disorders, the Rome IV Criteria are used, which are based on the presence of characteristic symptoms and objective results of a limited number of standard diagnostic tests and investigations. These criteria define gastrointestinal functional disorders as conditions of the gut-brain interaction. Functional dyspepsia is a condition that presents chronic or recurrent symptoms at the level of the gastroduodenal region, the symptoms usually include pain or epigastric discomfort, nausea, eructation, early satiety and swelling. Functional dyspepsia is classified into two subtypes, the postprandial distress syndrome and the epigastric pain syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome is defined as a functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and changes in intestinal flow without identifying structural abnormalities. With a relative absence of pharmacological options and a reduced number of studies on these gastrointestinal diseases, it is necessary to develop therapeutic measures for these diseases, with phytotherapy being one of the most used alternatives. Medicinal plants with therapeutic value in gastrointestinal functional disorders are grouped, considering their most prominent constituents and their pharmacological effects, in: amara, amara-aromatica, amara-acria, plants with spasmolytic alkaloids and plants with other constituents. Combining herbal preparations is a typical characteristic of phytotherapy, of which STW-5 and Rikkunshi-to stand out. Based on scientific evidence it is possible to conclude that peppermint oil is effective in the treatment of functional dyspepsia (combined with caraway oil) and irritable bowel syndrome (peppermint oil used alone), since it provides an overall improvement in characteristic symptoms of these pathologies.
Gastrointestinal tract pathologies are considered an important public health problem that affects a large part of the world population. These diseases can be subdivided into functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, diseases of the oesophagus and acid-peptic diseases. In the diagnosis of gastrointestinal functional disorders, the Rome IV Criteria are used, which are based on the presence of characteristic symptoms and objective results of a limited number of standard diagnostic tests and investigations. These criteria define gastrointestinal functional disorders as conditions of the gut-brain interaction. Functional dyspepsia is a condition that presents chronic or recurrent symptoms at the level of the gastroduodenal region, the symptoms usually include pain or epigastric discomfort, nausea, eructation, early satiety and swelling. Functional dyspepsia is classified into two subtypes, the postprandial distress syndrome and the epigastric pain syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome is defined as a functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and changes in intestinal flow without identifying structural abnormalities. With a relative absence of pharmacological options and a reduced number of studies on these gastrointestinal diseases, it is necessary to develop therapeutic measures for these diseases, with phytotherapy being one of the most used alternatives. Medicinal plants with therapeutic value in gastrointestinal functional disorders are grouped, considering their most prominent constituents and their pharmacological effects, in: amara, amara-aromatica, amara-acria, plants with spasmolytic alkaloids and plants with other constituents. Combining herbal preparations is a typical characteristic of phytotherapy, of which STW-5 and Rikkunshi-to stand out. Based on scientific evidence it is possible to conclude that peppermint oil is effective in the treatment of functional dyspepsia (combined with caraway oil) and irritable bowel syndrome (peppermint oil used alone), since it provides an overall improvement in characteristic symptoms of these pathologies.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2020, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Fitoterapia Distúrbios funcionais gastrointestinais Dispepsia funcional Síndrome do intestino irritável Hortelã-pimenta Mestrado integrado - 2020