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A labilidade da memória humana : efeitos de manipulações pós-recuperação e pós-reativação em listas de palavras associadas
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Resumo(s)
A ideia de que a memória é inerentemente reconstrutiva tem sido amplamente discutida ao longo do último século. Dois fenómenos cognitivos podem ser relacionados a este tema: o primeiro refere-se às falsas memórias, que corresponde à recordação de eventos que não ocorreram ou de informações inverídicas sobre eventos reais. O segundo conceito está relacionado com a suscetibilidade das memórias aos processos de recuperação ativa e aos processos de reativação de informações presentes na memória. Nesta tese, teve-se o intuito de realizar, em primeiro lugar, uma revisão teórica sobre os temas acima referidos, particularmente sobre o efeito de reconsolidação. Em segundo lugar, estudos experimentais exploraram problemas afins aos dois temas anteriormente enunciados, nomeadamente o das falsas memórias e o da suscetibilidade desta classe de informações a manipulações que ocorrem após a sua recuperação ativa ou à sua reativação. Neste sentido, listas de palavras associadas no paradigma DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott) foram utilizadas em tarefas de estudo-teste e de estudoreestudo. No primeiro caso, foram encontradas evidências fracas de que a falsa recuperação de palavras não apresentadas originalmente para estudo (mas associadas às listas), seguidas da apresentação de estímulos emocionais, diminui os falsos reconhecimentos em teste posterior; no segundo, este fenómeno foi replicado numa tarefa na qual não houve recuperação ativa de memórias (i.e., reestudo), sugerindo que a simples reativação das informações pode torna-las lábeis, desta forma suscetíveis à interferência de estímulos apresentados imediatamente após a sua reativação. A compreensão deste fenómeno pode lançar luz a problemas importantes em áreas aplicadas, como seja, a Psicologia Forense, na qual o tema das falsas memórias é particularmente sensível. O objetivo da tese pode ser, portanto, enunciado no sentido de se desvelar os mecanismos cognitivos que contribuem para o reforço de falsas memórias, incorporadas em situações ou ambientes emocionalmente acutilantes, as quais se tornam persistentes.
The idea that the memory is reconstructive has been widely discussed along the last century. Two fundamental concepts can be related to this subject: the first refers to the false memories, that is, remembering events that never occurred, or even remembering untruthful information about real events. The second phenomenon is related with the susceptibility of memories to the process of retrieval. In this dissertation, the first aim was to review the literature regarding these aspects, specially the reconsolidation effect. The second goal was to present results of some experiments that were designed to explore theoretical problems related to the false memories and the susceptibility of this class of information to experimental manipulations that take place after their retrieval. In order to approach these issues, lists of semantically associated words (DRM paradigm; Deese-Roediger-McDermott) were used in study-test and study-restudy tasks. In the former case, weak evidences demonstrated that false recall of words not presented for study (but associated to the list), immediately followed by the presentation of emotional stimuli, decreases the false recognition of these words in a final test; in the latter case, this effect was replicated in a task in which there was no active retrieval (i.e., a restudy task), thus suggesting that the simple reactivation of information also induces to some lability, make them prone to the interference of stimuli presented immediately after their reactivation. The understanding of these subjects can shed light to some important issues in applied fields, such as the Forensic Psychology, where the issue of the false memories is critical. Following this example, the issue can be formulated in other terms, that is, the importance of unveiling the cognitive mechanisms that contribute to reinforce of false memories, which arise in situations or environments particularly emotional, so that they become even more persistent.
The idea that the memory is reconstructive has been widely discussed along the last century. Two fundamental concepts can be related to this subject: the first refers to the false memories, that is, remembering events that never occurred, or even remembering untruthful information about real events. The second phenomenon is related with the susceptibility of memories to the process of retrieval. In this dissertation, the first aim was to review the literature regarding these aspects, specially the reconsolidation effect. The second goal was to present results of some experiments that were designed to explore theoretical problems related to the false memories and the susceptibility of this class of information to experimental manipulations that take place after their retrieval. In order to approach these issues, lists of semantically associated words (DRM paradigm; Deese-Roediger-McDermott) were used in study-test and study-restudy tasks. In the former case, weak evidences demonstrated that false recall of words not presented for study (but associated to the list), immediately followed by the presentation of emotional stimuli, decreases the false recognition of these words in a final test; in the latter case, this effect was replicated in a task in which there was no active retrieval (i.e., a restudy task), thus suggesting that the simple reactivation of information also induces to some lability, make them prone to the interference of stimuli presented immediately after their reactivation. The understanding of these subjects can shed light to some important issues in applied fields, such as the Forensic Psychology, where the issue of the false memories is critical. Following this example, the issue can be formulated in other terms, that is, the importance of unveiling the cognitive mechanisms that contribute to reinforce of false memories, which arise in situations or environments particularly emotional, so that they become even more persistent.
Descrição
Tese de doutoramento, Psicologia (Psicologia Cognitiva), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2017
Palavras-chave
Teses de doutoramento - 2017