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Práticas tradicionais nefastas para os direitos das mulheres à luz dos instrumentos internacionais de proteção de direitos humanos
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Abstract(s)
Aquilo de que se somos feitos muito para além de um plano corpóreo, remete-nos não apenas para a nossa essência, para os nossos valores, crenças, forma de percecionar a vida, mas também para o modo como atuamos, nos comportamos e relacionamos, estando todos estes aspetos intrinsecamente correlacionados e permanentemente sujeitos a modificações, podendo ou não, essas alterações se efetivarem. Este segundo plano, se quisermos, incorpóreo, é o produto de inúmeras construções sociais, transmitidas ou adquiridas entre gerações, também elas enquanto um produto da socialização e da manutenção da identidade e da cultura de uma determinada comunidade. De facto, considera-se que a presente Dissertação teve como objetivo primordial, enveredar pelo universo dessas construções, onde se enquadram as práticas sociais, analisando-se, em particular, aquelas sobre as quais se observa uma maior prevalência, e que, pela sua perpetuação e natureza, adquirem um pendor tradicional, recaindo fundamentalmente – quando não exclusivamente -, sobre mulheres, materializando-se numa violação dos seus direitos humanos e liberdades fundamentais. Eleitas as práticas objeto da nossa análise, designadamente, a mutilação genital feminina, os crimes com base na “honra” e os casamentos forçados, procurou-se, numa primeira abordagem, elencar sumariamente aqueles que foram os momentos históricos e socialmente relevantes na consagração e autonomização dos “direitos das mulheres”. Subsequentemente, estabeleceu-se o enquadramento jurídico dessas práticas no âmbito do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos, primando o seu estudo ao abrigo do sistema universal, auxiliando-se, sempre que se revelasse necessário ou pertinente, dos sistemas regionais e das exposições tecidas por inúmeros atores do Direito Internacional. Por último, procedeu-se à análise individual de cada uma das práticas, através da delimitação do seu conceito e do seu enquadramento legal. No entanto, ressalva-se que, não obstante a investigação se cingir a três condutas, o mesmo não se revela um sinónimo da inexistência de outras práticas tradicionais, igualmente nefastas para os direitos humanos das mulheres.
What we are made of, goes far beyond a corporeal sphere, referring us not only to our essence, our values, beliefs, the way we perceive life, but also to the way we act, behave and relate, all of which are intrinsically correlated and permanently subject to change, whether or not these changes actually take place. This second sphere, if you like, incorporeal, is the product of countless social constructions, transmitted or acquired between generations, also as a product of socialisation and the maintenance of a particular community’s identity and culture. In fact, the main aim of this Dissertation is to explore the universe of these constructions, which include the social practices, analysing in particular those who are more prevalent and which, due to their perpetuation and nature, acquire a traditional slant, falling fundamentally – if not exclusively – on women, materialising as a violation of their human rights and fundamental freedoms. Having chosen the practices to be analysed, namely female genital mutilation, crimes based on ‘honour’ and forced marriages, we sought, as a first approach, to briefly list the historical and socially relevant moments in the consecration and autonomy of ‘women's rights’. Subsequently, the legal framework of these practices was stablished in the context of the International Human Rights Law, giving priority to their study under the universal system, with the help, whenever necessary or pertinent, of regional systems, and the statements made by numerous International Law actors. Finally, we analysed each of the practices individually, delimiting their concept and legal context. It should be noted, however, that although the investigation is limited to three conducts, this is not synonymous with the non-existence of other traditional practices that are equally harmful to women's human rights.
What we are made of, goes far beyond a corporeal sphere, referring us not only to our essence, our values, beliefs, the way we perceive life, but also to the way we act, behave and relate, all of which are intrinsically correlated and permanently subject to change, whether or not these changes actually take place. This second sphere, if you like, incorporeal, is the product of countless social constructions, transmitted or acquired between generations, also as a product of socialisation and the maintenance of a particular community’s identity and culture. In fact, the main aim of this Dissertation is to explore the universe of these constructions, which include the social practices, analysing in particular those who are more prevalent and which, due to their perpetuation and nature, acquire a traditional slant, falling fundamentally – if not exclusively – on women, materialising as a violation of their human rights and fundamental freedoms. Having chosen the practices to be analysed, namely female genital mutilation, crimes based on ‘honour’ and forced marriages, we sought, as a first approach, to briefly list the historical and socially relevant moments in the consecration and autonomy of ‘women's rights’. Subsequently, the legal framework of these practices was stablished in the context of the International Human Rights Law, giving priority to their study under the universal system, with the help, whenever necessary or pertinent, of regional systems, and the statements made by numerous International Law actors. Finally, we analysed each of the practices individually, delimiting their concept and legal context. It should be noted, however, that although the investigation is limited to three conducts, this is not synonymous with the non-existence of other traditional practices that are equally harmful to women's human rights.
Description
Keywords
Discriminação de género Violência contra as mulheres Direito das mulheres Direitos humanos Teses de mestrado - 2025 Gender-based discrimination Violence against women Women’s human rights