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Num grupo de meditadores experientes é analisada a influência dos estados de
emoção induzidos por estímulos subliminares, nos julgamentos de preferência, por estímulos
neutros associados. Desta forma, estudaram-se sistematicamente as influências inconscientes
de emoções, sobre a resposta de aproximação ou de afastamento aos estímulos associados.
Estes julgamentos de preferência explícitos foram comparados em três condições de
valência (positiva, negativa e neutra). Os indicadores foram as respostas comportamentais,
julgamentos subjetivos de preferência expressos sobre o estímulo neutro supraliminal (agrado,
desagrado e respetivo grau); e os eletrofisiológicos (formas de onda dos ERPs) registados,
respetivamente, em cada condição.
Num paradigma de mascaramento, com mascaramento backward e forward, três
estímulos máscara (que consistiam em imagens visuais abstratas e neutras) foram associados,
respetivamente, a estímulos subliminares das três categorias de emoção: estímulos visuais
positivos, negativos e neutros do IAPS. Os níveis de arousal foram mantidos, tanto quanto
possível, equivalentes.
Numa abordagem exploratória correlacionou-se os dados eletrofisiológicos de ERP
com variáveis de escalas clínicas da personalidade, do temperamento, estilo de coping, estilo
de vinculação, perceção de stress e alexitimia.
A análise dos resultados mostrou que a amplitude média dos indicadores de ERPs
analisada nas janelas temporais de 90-100ms, 240-250ms, 270-300ms e 800-900ms foi
significativamente diferente nas três condições experimentais. Nas derivações de EEG do lado
direito a amplitude do ERP para a condição neutra foi a mais elevada – um correlato fisiológico
da maior intensidade da preferência por esta classe de estímulos. Nas derivações do lado
esquerdo e da linha média o padrão de modulação da amplitude evoluiu ao longo do tempo de
latência analisado. No início da forma de onda do ERP, a condição subliminar negativa
desencadeia a maior amplitude do ERP. Mais tarde, na latência de 800-900ms é a condição
subliminar positiva que desencadeia a mais elevada amplitude do ERP. Esta observação sugere
que este grupo de meditadores, após a resposta mais intensa à estimulação subliminar negativa
(comportamental e ERP) consegue reorientar e focar a atenção na estimulação subliminar
positiva (ERP), como se tivesse ativado processos descendentes de regulação da mesma.
Da análise exploratória salientam-se resultados de subescalas que avaliam
características da prática meditativa. Estes parecem evidenciar o foco nas experiencias
interiores e exteriores, surgindo uma correlação positiva com a amplitude do ERP na latência
de 90-100 ms. Este correlato sugere a influência positiva da prática meditativa na capacidade
de foco da atenção, em fases precoces na cadeia do processamento.
Os traços autoderrotistas e o temperamento depressivo apresentam correlação positiva
com a amplitude do ERP, desencadeada pela condição de emoção negativa. Este efeito sugere
a orientação da atenção automática para conteúdos afetivos negativos, em fases precoces do
processamento.
As correlações entre as escalas de personalidade e a amplitude do ERP (registada nas
janelas temporais posteriores) sugerem, no geral, que o nível de stress percebido, os traços de
personalidade autoderrotistas, paranóides, a dependência do álcool, a perturbação de
pensamento e a perturbação delirante (em níveis não clínicos) se correlacionam negativamente
com a amplitude do ERP. Este efeito indica a interferência dos processos da atenção por
diferentes mecanismos, quando provocado emocionalmente.
In a group of experienced meditators, we analysed the influence of emotion states induced by subliminal emotion stimuli on preference judgments of associated neutral stimuli. This way, unconscious emotion influences on higher order behaviour (explicit preference judgments) were systematically studied varying the qualities of subliminal emotion valence category. The indicators were behavioural responses, preference subjective judgements expressed about the supraliminal neutral stimulus (liking, disliking and respective degree); and electrophysiological (Event Related Potentials waveforms). In a masking paradigm, with backward and forward masking, three masks stimuli which consisted in neutral abstract visual images were associated with subliminal stimuli belonging to three emotion categories: positive, negative and neutral, selected from IAPS for valence and equivalent arousal levels. The behavioural subjective indicators, the electrophysiological ERP data were correlated with personality variables of temperament, attachment style, perceive stress and other traits and personality clinical scales in an exploratory study. The analysis of the results showed that the mean amplitude of the ERP indicators analyzed in time windows of 90-100 ms, 240-250 ms, 270-300 ms and 800-900 ms was significantly different in the three experimental conditions. In the right EEG leads the ERP amplitude for the neutral condition was the highest - a physiological correlate of the highest intensity of preference for this class of stimuli. In the left and midline leads, the amplitude modulation pattern evolved over the latency time analyzed. At the beginning of the ERP waveform, the subliminal negative condition triggers the greatest amplitude of ERP. Later, in the latency of 800-900 ms is the subliminal positive condition that triggers the highest amplitude of the ERP. This observation suggests that this group of meditators, after a more intense response to subliminal negative (behavioral and ERP) stimulation, is able to reorient attention and focus attention on positive subliminal stimulation as if it had activated topdown processes of attention regulation. From the exploratory analysis we highlight the data that suggest that results of scales that evaluate features of the meditative practice that favor focusing on the inner and outer experiences have a positive correlation with the ERP amplitude in latency of 90-100 ms. This correlate suggests a proof of the influence of meditative practice on the ability to focus attention early on the processing chain. The autoderrotist traits and the depressive temperament has a positive correlation with the amplitude of the ERP triggered by the condition of negative emotion, suggesting the orientation of the automatic attention to negative affective contents, early in the processing stream. The correlations between the personality scales and the ERP amplitude recorded in the posterior temporal windows generally suggests that the level of perceived stress, personality traits, paranoid, alcohol dependence, thought disturbance, and delusional disturbance (at nonclinical levels) has a negative correlation with the amplitude of the ERP, indicating the interference of the attention processes by different mechanisms, when provoked emotionally.
In a group of experienced meditators, we analysed the influence of emotion states induced by subliminal emotion stimuli on preference judgments of associated neutral stimuli. This way, unconscious emotion influences on higher order behaviour (explicit preference judgments) were systematically studied varying the qualities of subliminal emotion valence category. The indicators were behavioural responses, preference subjective judgements expressed about the supraliminal neutral stimulus (liking, disliking and respective degree); and electrophysiological (Event Related Potentials waveforms). In a masking paradigm, with backward and forward masking, three masks stimuli which consisted in neutral abstract visual images were associated with subliminal stimuli belonging to three emotion categories: positive, negative and neutral, selected from IAPS for valence and equivalent arousal levels. The behavioural subjective indicators, the electrophysiological ERP data were correlated with personality variables of temperament, attachment style, perceive stress and other traits and personality clinical scales in an exploratory study. The analysis of the results showed that the mean amplitude of the ERP indicators analyzed in time windows of 90-100 ms, 240-250 ms, 270-300 ms and 800-900 ms was significantly different in the three experimental conditions. In the right EEG leads the ERP amplitude for the neutral condition was the highest - a physiological correlate of the highest intensity of preference for this class of stimuli. In the left and midline leads, the amplitude modulation pattern evolved over the latency time analyzed. At the beginning of the ERP waveform, the subliminal negative condition triggers the greatest amplitude of ERP. Later, in the latency of 800-900 ms is the subliminal positive condition that triggers the highest amplitude of the ERP. This observation suggests that this group of meditators, after a more intense response to subliminal negative (behavioral and ERP) stimulation, is able to reorient attention and focus attention on positive subliminal stimulation as if it had activated topdown processes of attention regulation. From the exploratory analysis we highlight the data that suggest that results of scales that evaluate features of the meditative practice that favor focusing on the inner and outer experiences have a positive correlation with the ERP amplitude in latency of 90-100 ms. This correlate suggests a proof of the influence of meditative practice on the ability to focus attention early on the processing chain. The autoderrotist traits and the depressive temperament has a positive correlation with the amplitude of the ERP triggered by the condition of negative emotion, suggesting the orientation of the automatic attention to negative affective contents, early in the processing stream. The correlations between the personality scales and the ERP amplitude recorded in the posterior temporal windows generally suggests that the level of perceived stress, personality traits, paranoid, alcohol dependence, thought disturbance, and delusional disturbance (at nonclinical levels) has a negative correlation with the amplitude of the ERP, indicating the interference of the attention processes by different mechanisms, when provoked emotionally.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Secção de Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde, Núcleo de Psicoterapia Cognitiva-Comportamental e Integrativa), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2017
Palavras-chave
Regulação emocional Personalidade - variáveis Psicoterapia Teses de mestrado - 2017
