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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Esta tese propõe-se examinar porque foi o êxodo da descolonização da África portuguesa (iniciado em 1974) sentido e descrito por muitos portugueses que viviam em Angola e em Moçambique como uma experiência psicologicamente dolorosa e procura identificar os factores mais influentes na formulação dos seus sentimentos negativos sobre as consequências deste deslocamento nas suas vidas. Considerando que a partida das colónias representou uma ruptura social e cultural e uma perturbação identitária que causou um trauma transicional nos portugueses radicados que a sentiram como uma ‘amputação existencial’. As crenças, experiências, percepções e estados emocionais relatadas em testemunhos epistolares e institucionais sobre a transição para as independências, o embarque e após a chegada a Portugal permitem assinalar que estas narrativas do êxodo (de memória recente) se fundam em discursos de legitimação, reclamação, vitimização e responsabilização. Os 2 primeiros baseados em crenças, realidades e vivências coloniais como a fixação definitiva, as mitificações luso-tropicalistas, o distanciamento físico e afectivo à metrópole e a forte ligação de pertença e de posse reclamada pelo ‘suor derramado’ e o ‘apego umbilical’ a África. Além do fim de uma realidade de identificação colectiva e de projectos de vida, o ‘sonho africano’ terminou com perdas materiais e danos morais e afectivos geradores de sentimentos de abandono, pânico e indignação. As dificuldades de instalação em Portugal de ordem prática (financeiras e de satisfação de necessidades básicas como alojamento e alimentação) e psicológica (de desajustamento) reforçaram o discurso de vitimização ancorado num sentimento de injustiça e na reclamação numa compensação merecida e acentuaram o de responsabilização dos poderes nacionais, marcado por sentimentos de desconfiança, ressentimento e traição. Após a chegada, estes discursos resultaram do choque causado pelo anátema da sua categorização de ‘retornados’, à época associada a preconceitos estereotipados, da relação conflitual com os residentes e da sua perspectiva judicativa e acusatória sobre o processo de descolonização.
This thesis proposes to examine why the decolonisation’s exodus of Portuguese Africa that started in 1974 was felt and described by many Portuguese who had been living in Angola and Mozambique as a psychologically painful experience and also intend to identify the most influent factors in their negative feelings on this displacement’s consequences in their lives. Considering that the departure of the colonies has represented a social and cultural rupture and an identity disruption that caused a transitional trauma in these former settlers who have felt the displacement as an 'existential amputation'. The beliefs, experiences, perceptions and emotional states which are reported in epistolary and institutional testimonies on the transition to the independences, during the departure and after the arrival at Portugal allow to state that these narratives of the exodus (of recent memories) are grounded on legitimisation, complaint, victimization and accountability discourses. The first two are based on colonial beliefs, realities and experiences as the definitive establishment, the luso-tropical mystifications, the physical and emotional distance from the metropolis and the strong connection of belonging and ownership claimed by the ‘shed sweat’ and by the ‘umbilical affection’ to Africa. In addition to the ending of a collective identification reality and of life projects, the 'African dream' ended with material losses and moral and emotional damages which generated abandonment, panic and indignation feelings. The practical difficulties of installation into Portugal (financial and to satisfy basic needs such as housing and food) and psychological ones (of maladjustment) reinforced a victimization discourse anchored in an injustice feeling and on a deserved compensation claim and accented the accountability discourse of national powers marked by disbelief, resentment and betrayal feelings. Upon the arrival, these discourses have been produced by the clash of the categorization's anathema of 'returnees', at that time associated to stereotypical prejudices, of the conflicting relationship with residents and their judicial and of their accusatory perspective about decolonization process.
This thesis proposes to examine why the decolonisation’s exodus of Portuguese Africa that started in 1974 was felt and described by many Portuguese who had been living in Angola and Mozambique as a psychologically painful experience and also intend to identify the most influent factors in their negative feelings on this displacement’s consequences in their lives. Considering that the departure of the colonies has represented a social and cultural rupture and an identity disruption that caused a transitional trauma in these former settlers who have felt the displacement as an 'existential amputation'. The beliefs, experiences, perceptions and emotional states which are reported in epistolary and institutional testimonies on the transition to the independences, during the departure and after the arrival at Portugal allow to state that these narratives of the exodus (of recent memories) are grounded on legitimisation, complaint, victimization and accountability discourses. The first two are based on colonial beliefs, realities and experiences as the definitive establishment, the luso-tropical mystifications, the physical and emotional distance from the metropolis and the strong connection of belonging and ownership claimed by the ‘shed sweat’ and by the ‘umbilical affection’ to Africa. In addition to the ending of a collective identification reality and of life projects, the 'African dream' ended with material losses and moral and emotional damages which generated abandonment, panic and indignation feelings. The practical difficulties of installation into Portugal (financial and to satisfy basic needs such as housing and food) and psychological ones (of maladjustment) reinforced a victimization discourse anchored in an injustice feeling and on a deserved compensation claim and accented the accountability discourse of national powers marked by disbelief, resentment and betrayal feelings. Upon the arrival, these discourses have been produced by the clash of the categorization's anathema of 'returnees', at that time associated to stereotypical prejudices, of the conflicting relationship with residents and their judicial and of their accusatory perspective about decolonization process.
Description
Tese de doutoramento, História (Dinâmica do Mundo Contemporâneo), Universidade de Lisboa, com a participação do ISCTE- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Universidade de Évora, 2017
Keywords
Descolonização - Angola Descolonização - Moçambique Retorno de imigrantes Emoções - Aspectos sociais Descolonização Portuguesa Trauma psicológico Teses de doutoramento - 2017