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A encefalopatia hepática é uma condição grave que pode resultar de um amplo espectro de alterações metabólicas em doentes com patologia hepática. Apesar dos respetivos mecanismos de patogénese não estarem totalmente elucidados, evidências significativas sugerem um papel central do amónio e amoníaco por disfunção do ciclo da ureia. Esta via bioquímica é específica do fígado e responsável pela desintoxicação do amoníaco, que apresenta um elevado risco neurotóxico. As implicações da hiperamonémia são de extrema importância na patogénese de potenciais sequelas neurológicas em doenças do ciclo da ureia (DCU) podendo contribuir para a encefalopatia hepática. A creatina (Cr) tem um papel regulador importante do metabolismo celular/energético. Alterações na disponibilidade de energia e no sistema Creatina (Cr)/Cr cinase (CK)/ Fosfocreatina (CrP) participam nos mecanismos metabólicos de patogénese em várias doenças comuns ou raras. Tem sido investigada uma potencial redução dos níveis de creatina ao nível do cérebro em indivíduos com DCU, associando-se a causas ainda mal definidas. Alterações nos níveis de arginina, um produto do ciclo da ureia, poderiam por exemplo desencadear perturbações na síntese de Cr, uma vez que este aminoácido é o seu principal precursor. Em casos de DCU, a potencial suplementação com Cr poderá constituir uma estratégia preventiva de sintomas neurológicos e de desenvolvimento de encefalopatia hepática. No caso das síndromes envolvendo depleção de Cr cerebral, são caracterizadas por sérios transtornos mentais e neurológicos, também poderão ser parcialmente revertidos pela suplementação com creatina. A Cr pode atenuar a formação de espécies reativas de oxigénio, e estes efeitos antioxidantes diretos ou indiretos têm sido sugeridos como tendo potencialidades terapêuticas em doenças neurodegenerativas. Para otimizar o uso terapêutico de creatina é fundamental elucidar o seu perfil farmacocinético e investigar melhores regimes de dosagem, maximizando assim a sua eficácia e prevenir a sua potencial toxicidade.
Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious condition and a potential consequence of a wide spectrum of metabolic alterations in patients with liver disease. Although the respective mechanisms of pathogenesis are not fully understood, significant evidence suggests a central role of ammonium and ammonia in urea cycle dysfunction. This biochemical pathway is liver-specific and responsible for the detoxification of ammonia, which presents a high neurotoxic risk. The implications of hyperammonemia are of extreme importance in the pathogenesis of potential neurological sequelae in urea cycle disorders (UCD) possibly contributing to hepatic encephalopathy. Creatine (Cr) plays an important regulatory role in cellular/energy metabolism. Changes in energy availability and in the Creatine (Cr)/ Creatine kinase (CK)/ Phosphocreatine (CrP) system participate in the metabolic mechanisms of pathogenesis in several common and rare diseases. A potential reduction in Cr levels in the brain has been investigated in individuals with UCD, associated with still ill-defined causes. Alterations in the levels of arginine, a product of the urea cycle, could, for example, trigger disturbances in the synthesis of Cr since this amino acid is its main precursor. In cases of UCD, potential Cr supplementation may be a preventive strategy for neurological symptoms and the development of hepatic encephalopathy. In the case of syndromes involving brain creatine depletion, which are characterized by serious mental and neurological disorders, they can also be partially reversed by Cr supplementation. Cr may attenuate the formation of reactive oxygen species, and these direct or indirect antioxidant effects have been suggested as having therapeutic potentialities in neurodegenerative diseases. To optimize the therapeutic use of creatine, it is essential to elucidate its pharmacokinetic profile and investigate better dosage regimens, thus maximizing its effectiveness and preventing its potential toxicity.
Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious condition and a potential consequence of a wide spectrum of metabolic alterations in patients with liver disease. Although the respective mechanisms of pathogenesis are not fully understood, significant evidence suggests a central role of ammonium and ammonia in urea cycle dysfunction. This biochemical pathway is liver-specific and responsible for the detoxification of ammonia, which presents a high neurotoxic risk. The implications of hyperammonemia are of extreme importance in the pathogenesis of potential neurological sequelae in urea cycle disorders (UCD) possibly contributing to hepatic encephalopathy. Creatine (Cr) plays an important regulatory role in cellular/energy metabolism. Changes in energy availability and in the Creatine (Cr)/ Creatine kinase (CK)/ Phosphocreatine (CrP) system participate in the metabolic mechanisms of pathogenesis in several common and rare diseases. A potential reduction in Cr levels in the brain has been investigated in individuals with UCD, associated with still ill-defined causes. Alterations in the levels of arginine, a product of the urea cycle, could, for example, trigger disturbances in the synthesis of Cr since this amino acid is its main precursor. In cases of UCD, potential Cr supplementation may be a preventive strategy for neurological symptoms and the development of hepatic encephalopathy. In the case of syndromes involving brain creatine depletion, which are characterized by serious mental and neurological disorders, they can also be partially reversed by Cr supplementation. Cr may attenuate the formation of reactive oxygen species, and these direct or indirect antioxidant effects have been suggested as having therapeutic potentialities in neurodegenerative diseases. To optimize the therapeutic use of creatine, it is essential to elucidate its pharmacokinetic profile and investigate better dosage regimens, thus maximizing its effectiveness and preventing its potential toxicity.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2023, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Creatina Doenças do ciclo da ureia Hiperamonémia Encefalopatia hepática Mestrado Integrado -2023
