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O cérebro musical : achados moleculares, neuronais e comportamentais
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São cada vez mais os estudos sobre a importância da música na área médica. Muitos deles demonstraram que os cérebros de músicos profissionais e não-músicos diferem estrutural e funcionalmente. O objetivo deste trabalho é, então, demonstrar e descrever a importância da música, a arte e ciência que se define no fenómeno subjetivamente descrito como o som agradavelmente percebido como harmonioso, no contexto da Otorrinolaringologia.
Após uma breve revisão teórica da via auditiva, abordar-se-á a experiência auditiva musical, desde perspetivas moleculares, passando pela plasticidade neuronal, fazendo referência às principais adaptações anatómicas e funcionais (com particular interesse no “ouvido absoluto”), até às perspetivas neurocomportamentais.
Sabe-se hoje que a performance musical envolve um amplo espectro de habilidades motoras e cognitivas multissensoriais. No entanto, as moléculas e os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos permanecem, em grande parte, inexplorados. Estudos recentes investigaram o efeito da música no transcritoma de músicos profissionais. Os genes que se verificaram sobrexpressos afetam a neurotransmissão dopaminérgica, o comportamento motor, a plasticidade neuronal, e outras funções cognitivas, como a aprendizagem e a memória, o que sugere uma conservação evolutiva em processos biológicos relacionados com uma boa perceção/produção musical.
Sobrejacente a estas alterações moleculares, existe uma conhecida plasticidade neuronal, na forma como somos afetados pelo ambiente sonoro. Abordar-se-á então a experiência estética musical, numa perspetiva em que o papel do ouvinte/compositor/músico é visto como o de um "agente" ativo que lida de uma forma altamente personalizada com os sons.
Além de explorar estas alterações aos níveis molecular, neuronal e comportamental, expor-se-á também em como a música pode ser comprovadamente utilizada para o tratamento de patologias neuropsiquiátricas e neurodegenerativas, como a síndrome de Tourette e a doença de Parkinson, entre outras.
There are more and more studies on the importance of music in the medical field. Many of them have demonstrated that the brains of professional musicians and non-musicians differ structurally and functionally. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate and describe the importance of music, art and science that is defined in the phenomenon subjectively described as sound pleasantly perceived as harmonious, in the context of Otorhinolaryngology. After a brief theoretical review of the auditory pathway, I will approach the musical auditory experience, from molecular perspectives, to neuronal plasticity, referring to the main anatomical and functional adaptations (with interest in the "absolute hearing"), to the neurobehavioral perspectives. It is known today that musical performance involves a broad spectrum of multisensory motor and cognitive abilities. However, the molecules and molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unexplored. Recent studies investigated the effect of music on the transcriptome of professional musicians. Overexpressed genes affect dopaminergic neurotransmission, motor behaviour, neuronal plasticity, and other cognitive functions, such as learning and memory, suggesting an evolutionary conservation in biological processes related to good perception / musical production. Overlying these molecular alterations, there is a known neuronal plasticity, in the way we are affected by the sound environment. The musical aesthetic experience will then be approached from a perspective where the role of the listener / composer / musician is seen as that of an active "agent" who deals in a highly personalized way with sounds. In addition to exploring these changes at the molecular, neuronal and behavioural levels, it will also be discussed how music can be used to treat neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Tourette’s syndrome and Parkinson's disease, among others.
There are more and more studies on the importance of music in the medical field. Many of them have demonstrated that the brains of professional musicians and non-musicians differ structurally and functionally. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate and describe the importance of music, art and science that is defined in the phenomenon subjectively described as sound pleasantly perceived as harmonious, in the context of Otorhinolaryngology. After a brief theoretical review of the auditory pathway, I will approach the musical auditory experience, from molecular perspectives, to neuronal plasticity, referring to the main anatomical and functional adaptations (with interest in the "absolute hearing"), to the neurobehavioral perspectives. It is known today that musical performance involves a broad spectrum of multisensory motor and cognitive abilities. However, the molecules and molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unexplored. Recent studies investigated the effect of music on the transcriptome of professional musicians. Overexpressed genes affect dopaminergic neurotransmission, motor behaviour, neuronal plasticity, and other cognitive functions, such as learning and memory, suggesting an evolutionary conservation in biological processes related to good perception / musical production. Overlying these molecular alterations, there is a known neuronal plasticity, in the way we are affected by the sound environment. The musical aesthetic experience will then be approached from a perspective where the role of the listener / composer / musician is seen as that of an active "agent" who deals in a highly personalized way with sounds. In addition to exploring these changes at the molecular, neuronal and behavioural levels, it will also be discussed how music can be used to treat neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Tourette’s syndrome and Parkinson's disease, among others.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2019
Palavras-chave
Música Audição Cérebro Plasticidade neuronal Otorrinolaringologia