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Fernando I de Portugal (1367-1383) : Prática e Consciência de Poder
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O governo de Fernando I de Portugal (r. 1367-1383) enquadrou-se no período beligerante e incerto da Guerra dos Cem Anos (1337-1453) e do início do Cisma do Ocidente (1378-1417). O homicídio de Pedro I de Castela, em 1369, pelas mãos do seu irmão bastardo Enrique, conde de Trastámara, e a consequente subida ao trono deste último, como Enrique II, desencadearam divisões na nobreza e vilas castelhanas, as quais motivaram a corrida de D. Fernando ao trono castelhano, com base na sua ascendência directa e legítima. As três guerras que travou contra a Castela Trastámara revelaram-se, porém, militarmente perdedoras; contudo, estas, o projecto de afirmação no Atlântico e as diferentes opções fernandinas em matéria de Cisma, lançaram Portugal na arena internacional, que se multiplicou em embaixadas, alianças e acordos militares, comerciais e políticos com Inglaterra (cujo tratado de amizade e ajuda mútua de 1373 perdura), Aragão, Granada, França/Anjou, Castela, Roma e Avignon, num jogo de sobrevivência e de afirmação de soberania, à semelhança do que fizeram vários reinos europeus. A política externa fernandina contribuiu, assim, para desenvolver fortemente a Marinha Mercante e a Armada, o comércio interno e o praticado com o norte da Europa, Castela e Mediterrâneo, fazendo de Lisboa e Porto cidades cosmopolitas notáveis. As guerras, e seus danos, motivaram contestações, mas também reformas com vista ao prol comum, que se reflectiram em leis e posturas. Estas incentivaram o trabalho, o respeito pelo Direito, o combate à fraude e desorganização na Justiça/Desembargo, à negligência do oficialato, à corrupção, aos abusos senhoriais, à ociosidade, à inflação e especulação de mercado. Estas bandeiras, que atingiram todos os súbditos, alicerçaram-se em princípios cristãos, na sabedoria dos antigos, no Direito romano, na consciência e na vontade de Fernando I, contribuindo para o reforço do poder régio, num governo que se apresentou centralizador e, simultaneamente, cooperante com todos os grupos sociais, independentemente da sua naturalidade, religião, condição ou género.
The rule of Fernando I of Portugal (r. 1367-1383) fit into the belligerent and uncertain period of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) and the beginning of the Western Schism (1378-1417). The murder of King Pedro I of Castile in 1369 at the hands of his bastard brother Enrique, Count of Trastámara, and his subsequent accession to the throne as Enrique II, sparked divisions in the Castilian nobility and towns, which motivated Fernando's race to the Castilian throne, based on his direct and legitimate descent. The three wars he waged against Trastámara Castile proved, however, to be militarily unsuccessful; although, this, the project to assert itself in the Atlantic and the different Fernando options, in terms of the Schism, launched Portugal into the international arena, which multiplied in embassies, alliances and military, commercial and political agreements with England (whose Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Aid of 1373 still stands), Aragon, Granada, France/Anjou, Castile, Rome and Avignon, in a game of survival and assertion of sovereignty, as several European kingdoms did. King Fernand's foreign policy thus contributed to the strong development of the Merchant Marine and the Navy, internal trade, and trade with northern Europe, Castile and the Mediterranean, making Lisbon and Porto remarkable cosmopolitan cities. The wars and their damage led to contestations, but also to reforms aimed at the common good, which were reflected in laws and postures. These encouraged work, respect for the law, the fight against fraud and disorganization in the justice system, negligence by the officers, corruption, seignorial abuses, idleness, inflation, and market speculation. These banners, which affected all subjects, were based upon Christian principles, the wisdom of the ancients, Roman Law, the conscience and will of Fernando I. They contributed to strengthen royal power in a government that was centralized, but, at the same time, cooperative with all social groups, regardless of their place of birth, religion, condition or gender.
The rule of Fernando I of Portugal (r. 1367-1383) fit into the belligerent and uncertain period of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) and the beginning of the Western Schism (1378-1417). The murder of King Pedro I of Castile in 1369 at the hands of his bastard brother Enrique, Count of Trastámara, and his subsequent accession to the throne as Enrique II, sparked divisions in the Castilian nobility and towns, which motivated Fernando's race to the Castilian throne, based on his direct and legitimate descent. The three wars he waged against Trastámara Castile proved, however, to be militarily unsuccessful; although, this, the project to assert itself in the Atlantic and the different Fernando options, in terms of the Schism, launched Portugal into the international arena, which multiplied in embassies, alliances and military, commercial and political agreements with England (whose Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Aid of 1373 still stands), Aragon, Granada, France/Anjou, Castile, Rome and Avignon, in a game of survival and assertion of sovereignty, as several European kingdoms did. King Fernand's foreign policy thus contributed to the strong development of the Merchant Marine and the Navy, internal trade, and trade with northern Europe, Castile and the Mediterranean, making Lisbon and Porto remarkable cosmopolitan cities. The wars and their damage led to contestations, but also to reforms aimed at the common good, which were reflected in laws and postures. These encouraged work, respect for the law, the fight against fraud and disorganization in the justice system, negligence by the officers, corruption, seignorial abuses, idleness, inflation, and market speculation. These banners, which affected all subjects, were based upon Christian principles, the wisdom of the ancients, Roman Law, the conscience and will of Fernando I. They contributed to strengthen royal power in a government that was centralized, but, at the same time, cooperative with all social groups, regardless of their place of birth, religion, condition or gender.
Descrição
Doutoramento em História, na especialidade de História Medieval.