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SARS-CoV-2: mecanismos de patogénese da COVID-19
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Abstract(s)
Em dezembro de 2019 surgiu na China, mais especificamente na província de Wuhan, o vírus SARS-CoV-2, sendo este responsável pelo desenvolvimento da doença que víria a designar-se de COVID-19. Após uma rápida disseminação deste mesmo vírus pelo globo, em março de 2020, a Organização Mundial de Saúde declarou que estávamos perante uma pandemia mundial. Até ao momento da entrega desta monografia, a situação mantém-se. Por todo o globo observamos países em períodos de confinamento e desconfinamento, conforme o aumento ou diminuição do número de infeções no país. No entanto, as medidas de distanciamento social mantém-se há cerca de um ano e meio.
Neste trabalho será possível ter uma perspetiva geral de todos os aspetos relacionados com este vírus e a consequente doença que este provoca. Inicialmente, aborda-se as suas principais características virológicas e seguidamente as suas diferentes formas de transmissão.
O principal tópico do trabalho centra-se nos mecanismos de patogénese deste vírus e por isso abordamos as principais fases do processo de patogénese do SARS-CoV-2 bem como a resposta imunitária típica do organismo humano. Ainda neste tópico principal são discutidas as principais consequências que advêm da doença COVID-19, principalmente quando os doentes necessitam de hospitalização. Algumas das principais consequências abordadas incluem possíveis sequelas pulmonares, cardiovasculares, neurológicas, psicológicas, hepáticas e renais.
São ainda abordadas possíveis opções terapêuticas para o tratamento adjuvante desta doença bem como algumas medidas de prevenção. Neste tópico, tanto medidas individuais como medidas sociais tomadas pelos diferentes governos são discutidas, sendo feita uma comparação entre a estratégia social adoptada por Portugal e a estratégia adoptada pela Suécia.
O último capítulo, foca-se no principal tópico dos últimos meses, a imunidade face a este vírus e as vacinas já desenvolvidas. Até ao momento, na Europa, existem quatro vacinas aprovadas, desenvolvidas pela Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca e Janssen, e é sobre essas que se foca, principalmente, este último ponto.
In December 2019, SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19 disease, emerged in China, more specifically in the province of Wuhan. In march 2020, after a massive dissemination across the globe, the World Health Organization declared that we were facing a worldwide pandemic. Until today, mid 2021, the situation remains unchanged. Routinely, we observe countries in periods of lockdown and non lockdown, as the number of infections in the country increases or decreases. However, social distancing measures have been maintained for about a year and a half. In this work it will be possible to have an overview of all aspects related to this virus and the consequent disease it causes. Initially, the main virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 will be addressed as well as its different forms of transmission. The main topic focus on the pathogenesis mechanisms of this virus and, therefore, the main stages of the pathogenesis process of SARS-CoV-2 will be addressed, as well as the typical immune response of the human organism to this virus. In this main topic, it will also be discussed the main consequences that result from the COVID-19 disease, mainly when the patients need hospitalization. Some of the main consequences described include possible pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurological, psychological, hepatic and renal sequelae. The possible therapeutic options for treatment of this disease are also mentioned, as well as some preventive measures. In this topic, both individual and social measures taken by different governments are discussed and a comparation is made between the social strategy adopted by Portugal and the strategy adopted by Sweden. The last chapter focuses on the main topic of the last few months, immunity against this virus and the vaccines already developed. So far, in Europe, there are four approved vacines, developed by Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca and Janssen. Their main characteristics will be presented and discussed.
In December 2019, SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19 disease, emerged in China, more specifically in the province of Wuhan. In march 2020, after a massive dissemination across the globe, the World Health Organization declared that we were facing a worldwide pandemic. Until today, mid 2021, the situation remains unchanged. Routinely, we observe countries in periods of lockdown and non lockdown, as the number of infections in the country increases or decreases. However, social distancing measures have been maintained for about a year and a half. In this work it will be possible to have an overview of all aspects related to this virus and the consequent disease it causes. Initially, the main virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 will be addressed as well as its different forms of transmission. The main topic focus on the pathogenesis mechanisms of this virus and, therefore, the main stages of the pathogenesis process of SARS-CoV-2 will be addressed, as well as the typical immune response of the human organism to this virus. In this main topic, it will also be discussed the main consequences that result from the COVID-19 disease, mainly when the patients need hospitalization. Some of the main consequences described include possible pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurological, psychological, hepatic and renal sequelae. The possible therapeutic options for treatment of this disease are also mentioned, as well as some preventive measures. In this topic, both individual and social measures taken by different governments are discussed and a comparation is made between the social strategy adopted by Portugal and the strategy adopted by Sweden. The last chapter focuses on the main topic of the last few months, immunity against this virus and the vaccines already developed. So far, in Europe, there are four approved vacines, developed by Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca and Janssen. Their main characteristics will be presented and discussed.
Description
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2021, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Keywords
SARS-CoV-2 Covid-19 Pandemia Mecanismos de patogénese Mestrado integrado - 2021