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O conflito das ordens e a intercessio tribunicia na República romana
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Esta dissertação pretende analisar o instituto da intercessio tribunicia durante o conflito das ordens. Focada na primeira metade do quase meio milénio da República romana, pretende entender o funcionamento, evolução, limitação e eficácia deste instituto que emergiu da primeira secessão da plebe contra a ordem social. Foi de importância basilar para o funcionamento da República, por ter sido o mais importante instrumento do Tribunado para conseguir uma maior repartição de poder entre o patriciado e a plebe sem recurso à revolução. Este instituto viria mais tarde a influenciar o constitucionalismo moderno com as experiências romanas de interligação dos poderes, tendo contribuído para a conquista plebeia por maior igualdade perante a lei, não deixando também de inspirar aqueles que pretendiam ir além desta.
Para atingir esta finalidade, foram analisadas as origens e as distinções entre o patriciado e a plebe, dois polos opostos de uma sociedade que caminhava a passos largos para a complexificação, sob a perspetiva constitucional, económica, religiosa e jurídica, que explicariam em larga medida os quase duzentos e cinquenta anos de conflitos sociais que, nas contingências da época, não deixaram de ser causa e consequência destes vetores. Para este efeito, recorremos à tradição analista, em particular de Tito Lívio e Dionísio de Halicarnasso, que em conjunto com a romanística moderna, serviram de base para proceder à análise do funcionamento deste instituto.
De seguida, procedemos à análise da instituição do Tribunado da Plebe, o colégio de representantes da ordem plebeia, que expandiram os seus poderes durante a República, pelo Direito e pela prática, até assumirem a plena forma de um dos pilares da constituição da República romana. O Tribunado e também os Tribunos, são considerados neste trabalho à sombra das consequências das suas vitórias, mas as suas lutas tiveram consequências imprevisíveis no ordenamento romano.
Por fim, debruçamo-nos sobre o instituto de Direito Público Romano da intercessio dos tribunos da plebe, como apareceu, qual a sua base jurídica, como se desenvolveu e qual foi a sua importância para o Tribunado, que princípios regiam este instituto, quais os efeitos jurídicos e materiais e como estes moldavam o processo constitucional romano.
This dissertation aims to analyze the institution of the intercessio tribunicia during the Conflict of the Orders. Situated in the first half of the almost five centuries of the Roman Republic, it seeks to understand the functioning, evolution, limitations, and effectiveness of this institution that emerged from the first secession of the plebeians against the social order. Of dire importance for the functioning of the republic, as it was the most important instrument of the tribunate to achieve a greater distribution of power between the patricians and the plebeians without resorting to revolution. This institution would later influence modern constitutionalism, with the Roman experiences of interconnecting powers, which approached the plebeian struggle for greater equality under the law and also inspired those who aimed beyond it. To achieve this purpose, the origins and distinctions between the patricians and plebeians, two opposing poles of a society that was rapidly moving towards complexity, were analyzed from constitutional, economic, religious, and legal perspectives. These factors largely explained the almost two hundred and fifty years of social conflicts, which, contingent as they were, did not fail to be both cause and consequence of these vectors. For this purpose, we turned to the annalist tradition, particularly that of Titus Livius and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who, together with modern Roman studies, served as the basis for the analysis of the functioning of this institution. Next, the analysis of the institution of the Tribunate of the Plebeians, the college of representatives of the plebeian order, who expanded their powers during the Republic, through law and practice, until they assumed the full form of one of the pillars of the constitution of the Roman Republic. The Tribunate and the tribunes themselves are considered in this work in the shadow of the consequences of their victories, on the contrary, in the light of their struggles, which had unforeseeable consequences for the Roman order. Finally, the Roman Public Law institution of the intercessio of the Tribunes of the Plebeians is examined, including how it originated, its legal basis, its development, and its importance for the Tribunate. The principles that governed this institution, its legal and material effects, and how they shaped the Roman constitutional process are also explored.
This dissertation aims to analyze the institution of the intercessio tribunicia during the Conflict of the Orders. Situated in the first half of the almost five centuries of the Roman Republic, it seeks to understand the functioning, evolution, limitations, and effectiveness of this institution that emerged from the first secession of the plebeians against the social order. Of dire importance for the functioning of the republic, as it was the most important instrument of the tribunate to achieve a greater distribution of power between the patricians and the plebeians without resorting to revolution. This institution would later influence modern constitutionalism, with the Roman experiences of interconnecting powers, which approached the plebeian struggle for greater equality under the law and also inspired those who aimed beyond it. To achieve this purpose, the origins and distinctions between the patricians and plebeians, two opposing poles of a society that was rapidly moving towards complexity, were analyzed from constitutional, economic, religious, and legal perspectives. These factors largely explained the almost two hundred and fifty years of social conflicts, which, contingent as they were, did not fail to be both cause and consequence of these vectors. For this purpose, we turned to the annalist tradition, particularly that of Titus Livius and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who, together with modern Roman studies, served as the basis for the analysis of the functioning of this institution. Next, the analysis of the institution of the Tribunate of the Plebeians, the college of representatives of the plebeian order, who expanded their powers during the Republic, through law and practice, until they assumed the full form of one of the pillars of the constitution of the Roman Republic. The Tribunate and the tribunes themselves are considered in this work in the shadow of the consequences of their victories, on the contrary, in the light of their struggles, which had unforeseeable consequences for the Roman order. Finally, the Roman Public Law institution of the intercessio of the Tribunes of the Plebeians is examined, including how it originated, its legal basis, its development, and its importance for the Tribunate. The principles that governed this institution, its legal and material effects, and how they shaped the Roman constitutional process are also explored.
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Keywords
História do direito República Romana - História Direito romano Teses de mestrado - 2024 History of law Roman Republic - history Roman law