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Das ações reais
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Resumo(s)
Há muitos séculos que existem ações reais. Na antiguidade romana, as actiones in rem tinham um perfil em parte diverso do atual. A rei vindicatio, por exemplo, era duplex: à vindicatio seguia-se uma contravindicatio; não havia propriamente um autor e um réu, mas dois reivindicantes, um posto ao lado do outro; a posse de nada adiantava à posição jurídica do «réu» e os dois contendentes tinham de alegar e provar o direito sobre a coisa. No Direito Romano clássico, isto alterou-se. Mas por muito tempo se manteve, como característica indefetível das actiones in rem, o serem actio sobre a res, isto é, um direto agir sobre a coisa, mediante prévio acertamento do direito. Não havia pretensão real. Com o tempo, a fisionomia das actiones in rem foi mudando. Estudamos os seus termos nesta investigação.
Hoje também se fala muito, no mundo do Direito, de ações reais. No Código de Processo Civil vigente, a expressão figura no art. 581.º, n.º 4. Cremos que não se trata de um mero nomen iuris. O ser a ação uma ação real tem repercussões adjetivas, designadamente quando veicule pretensões reais. Procuramos demonstrá-lo no último capítulo desta investigação. Antes disso, propomos um conceito de ações reais.
Real actions have existed for several centuries. In Roman antiquity, actiones in rem had a somewhat different profile from the current one. Rei vindicatio, for example, was duplex: vindicatio was followed by a contravindicatio; there was not really a plaintiff and a defendant but two claimants, one standing next to the other; possession was not relevant in the legal position of the “defendant” and the two contenders had to plead and prove the right over the thing in dispute. In classical Roman law, this has changed. But for a long time, the fact that they were actio over res remained as an inherent characteristic of actiones in rem, that is, the fact that they were direct action over the thing, based on a previously acknowledged right. There was no dinglichen Anspruch. Over time, the physiognomy of actiones in rem has changed. We study its terms in this investigation. There is also much talk in the legal world today of real actions. In the current Portuguese Code of Civil Procedure, the expression appears in article 581 (4). We believe that it is not a mere nomen iuris. The fact that an action is a real action has adjective repercussions, especially when it conveys dingliche Ansprüche. We try to demonstrate this in the last chapter of this investigation. Before that, we propose a concept of real actions.
Real actions have existed for several centuries. In Roman antiquity, actiones in rem had a somewhat different profile from the current one. Rei vindicatio, for example, was duplex: vindicatio was followed by a contravindicatio; there was not really a plaintiff and a defendant but two claimants, one standing next to the other; possession was not relevant in the legal position of the “defendant” and the two contenders had to plead and prove the right over the thing in dispute. In classical Roman law, this has changed. But for a long time, the fact that they were actio over res remained as an inherent characteristic of actiones in rem, that is, the fact that they were direct action over the thing, based on a previously acknowledged right. There was no dinglichen Anspruch. Over time, the physiognomy of actiones in rem has changed. We study its terms in this investigation. There is also much talk in the legal world today of real actions. In the current Portuguese Code of Civil Procedure, the expression appears in article 581 (4). We believe that it is not a mere nomen iuris. The fact that an action is a real action has adjective repercussions, especially when it conveys dingliche Ansprüche. We try to demonstrate this in the last chapter of this investigation. Before that, we propose a concept of real actions.
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Palavras-chave
Ações reais Direitos reais Processo civil Obrigações Pretensão real