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Nanopartículas no tratamento da síndrome do olho seco : abordagens terapêuticas e impactos clínicos
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Resumo(s)
A Síndrome do Olho Seco (DED) é uma doença crónica e multifatorial da superfície ocular, cuja prevalência tem vindo a aumentar a nível global. Caracteriza-se por instabilidade do filme lacrimal, hiperosmolaridade e inflamação da superfície ocular, manifestando-se em sintomas como secura, desconforto ocular e distúrbios visuais. Embora existam diversas abordagens terapêuticas convencionais, a sua aplicação clínica enfrenta alguns desafios. Nomeadamente, o reduzido tempo de retenção dos fármacos na superfície ocular, a sua eliminação rápida por mecanismos fisiológicos e metabólicos, a baixa biodisponibilidade e a necessidade de múltiplas administrações diárias, o que contribui para um aumento do risco de toxicidade e efeitos adversos. Neste contexto, a nanotecnologia surgiu como uma abordagem promissora e inovadora, desempenhando um papel relevante no tratamento da DED, em que as propriedades únicas das nanopartículas, tal como o seu tamanho reduzido, capacidade de encapsulação de fármacos e carga superficial otimizada, contribuem para ultrapassar muitas das limitações associadas aos métodos convencionais. A sua capacidade melhorada de ultrapassar as barreiras anatómicas e fisiológicas do olho, traduz-se numa maior penetração e retenção ocular, promovendo a absorção e uma melhoria da biodisponibilidade, associada a uma libertação controlada dos fármacos. Adicionalmente, permitem reduzir a frequência de administração e estão associadas a menos efeitos adversos, o que contribui para uma melhor tolerabilidade e maior adesão à terapêutica. A presente monografia tem como objetivo evidenciar a relevância do uso das nanopartículas no tratamento da DED. Para tal, foram descritas as suas características físico-químicas e abordadas as estratégias terapêuticas utilizadas aquando do seu desenvolvimento, os diversos nanossistemas em estudo e os que já se encontram comercializados, bem como os seus benefícios clínicos. Também foram analisadas as limitações existentes, como a escassez de ensaios clínicos, falta de dados de segurança a longo prazo e também a complexidade dos processos de fabrico e custos associados. Ainda assim, os avanços nesta área indicam um futuro promissor, em que as nanopartículas irão desempenhar um papel cada vez mais significativo no tratamento da DED.
Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic and multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface, whose prevalence has been increasing globally. It is characterized by tear film instability, hyperosmolarity and inflammation of the ocular surface, resulting in symptoms such as dryness, ocular discomfort and visual disturbances. Although various conventional therapeutic approaches are available, their clinical application faces several challenges, namely limited drug residence time on the ocular surface, rapid elimination through physiological and metabolic mechanisms, low bioavailability and the need for multiple daily administration, which contributes to an increased risk of toxicity and adverse effects. In this context, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising and innovative approach that plays a relevant role in the treatment of DED, in which the unique properties of nanoparticles, such as their small size, drug encapsulation capacity and optimized surface charge, contribute to overcoming many of the limitations of conventional methods. Their improved ability to cross the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye results in enhanced ocular penetration and prolonged retention time on the ocular surface, promoting drug absorption and increasing bioavailability, while enabling controlled drug release. Additionally, they reduce the frequency of administration and are associated with fewer adverse effects, contributing to increased tolerability and therapeutic compliance. This monograph aims to highlight the relevance of using nanoparticles for the treatment of DED. To this end, their physicochemical characteristics were described and the therapeutic strategies used during their development were addressed, as well as the various nanosystems under investigation and those already marketed, along with their clinical benefits. Existing limitations were also discussed, including the lack of clinical trials and long-term safety data, as well as the complexity and high cost of manufacturing processes. Nevertheless, ongoing progress in this field points to a promising future in which nanoparticles are expected to play an increasingly significant role in the treatment of DED.
Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic and multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface, whose prevalence has been increasing globally. It is characterized by tear film instability, hyperosmolarity and inflammation of the ocular surface, resulting in symptoms such as dryness, ocular discomfort and visual disturbances. Although various conventional therapeutic approaches are available, their clinical application faces several challenges, namely limited drug residence time on the ocular surface, rapid elimination through physiological and metabolic mechanisms, low bioavailability and the need for multiple daily administration, which contributes to an increased risk of toxicity and adverse effects. In this context, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising and innovative approach that plays a relevant role in the treatment of DED, in which the unique properties of nanoparticles, such as their small size, drug encapsulation capacity and optimized surface charge, contribute to overcoming many of the limitations of conventional methods. Their improved ability to cross the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye results in enhanced ocular penetration and prolonged retention time on the ocular surface, promoting drug absorption and increasing bioavailability, while enabling controlled drug release. Additionally, they reduce the frequency of administration and are associated with fewer adverse effects, contributing to increased tolerability and therapeutic compliance. This monograph aims to highlight the relevance of using nanoparticles for the treatment of DED. To this end, their physicochemical characteristics were described and the therapeutic strategies used during their development were addressed, as well as the various nanosystems under investigation and those already marketed, along with their clinical benefits. Existing limitations were also discussed, including the lack of clinical trials and long-term safety data, as well as the complexity and high cost of manufacturing processes. Nevertheless, ongoing progress in this field points to a promising future in which nanoparticles are expected to play an increasingly significant role in the treatment of DED.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2025, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
204205654 Nanopartículas Nanossistemas Síndrome do olho seco DED Biodisponibilidade Mestrado integrado - 2025