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Rastreio de L. infantum no cão de gado transmontano, nos concelhos de Bragança, Vinhais, Macedo de Cavaleiros, Chaves e Montalegre
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Resumo(s)
A leishmaniose é uma doença parasitária, transmitida por um vetor, cujo hospedeiro principal é o cão. Caracteriza-se por uma panóplia de sinais clínicos e, por vezes, possuiu um longo período de doença assintomática. Por ser uma afeção em crescimento e muitas vezes negligenciada é necessário estudar a sua prevalência, de forma a adotar as medidas de controlo mais eficazes de combate a esta zoonose, não esquecendo o conjunto de fatores de risco que beneficiam a infeção. Em Portugal, especificamente, na região de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, caracterizada por um clima temperado mediterrânico propicio ao desenvolvimento vetorial, já se reportam focos de infeção desde a década de 90. O Cão de Gado Transmontano, com origem no mastim ibérico, resultou de um conjunto de genes deixados pelos antigos cães pastores, nas grandes transumâncias. Adaptou-se às terras transmontanas, ao seu percurso montanhoso, ganhou resistência ao clima adverso que por vezes se faz sentir e às variações de amplitude térmicas. É fundamentalmente um cão de trabalho (como verificado no rastreio, onde 85% dos cães são utilizados para guarda), que acompanha o gado durante o seu percurso diário, com o objetivo de o proteger de predadores externos. O objetivo do rastreio, que visou 80 cães de Gado Transmontano, foi, essencialmente, analisar uma raça que pela sua aptidão já por si constitui um fator de risco. Estes animais dormem principalmente na rua (83,75%), durante o dia acompanham e protegem o gado, contactando com possíveis locais de reprodução vetorial e também com possíveis hospedeiros silváticos, por exemplo o vetor P. ariasi desenvolve-se em ambientes mais húmidos, sendo que 91,25% (73/80) dos animais contacta ao longo do seu percurso com algum tipo de curso de água. Para além disto, 97,5% (78/80) contacta com outros cães e não recebe uma desparasitação farmacológica eficaz que o proteja da picada do flebótomo. A baixa prevalência resultante do rastreio (2,5%) poderá ser explicada pelo longo período assintomático que alguns cães apresentam, com baixa produção de anticorpos, sendo por isso de difícil deteção pelo teste rápido. Outra explicação depreende-se com a possível resistência que as raças autóctones possam ter desenvolvido, por viverem durante centenas de anos em locais endémicos. Todavia, será necessário realizar mais estudos para reforçar ou infirmar as conclusões deste trabalho.
ABSTRACT - Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease, transmitted by a vector, whose main host is the dog. It is characterized by a range of clinical signs and sometimes has a long period of asymptomatic disease. Because it is a growing and often neglected affection, it is necessary to study its prevalence in order to adopt the most effective control measures to combat this zoonosis, not forgetting the set of risk factors that benefit the infection. In Portugal, specifically in the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, characterized by a temperate Mediterranean climate favorable to vector development, outbreaks of infection have been reported since the 90s. The Transmontano Mastiff, originated by the Iberian Mastiff, resulted from a set of genes left by the ancient shepherd dogs, in the seasonal transhumance. The breed adapted to the region of Trás-os-Montes, to its mountainous lands, gained resistance to the adverse climate that is sometimes felt and to the thermal amplitude. It is fundamentally a working dog (as verified in the screening, where 85% of the dogs are used for guarding), that accompanies the cattle during their daily journey, with the objective of protecting them from external predators. The objective of the screening, which targeted 80 Transmontano Mastiffs, was essentially to analyze a breed that due to its competence already constitutes a risk factor. It sleeps mainly outdoors (83,75%), during the day it follows and protects the cattle, contacting with possible places of vectorial reproduction and also with possible sylvatic hosts, for example the vector P. ariasi develops in humid environments, being that 91.25% (73/80) of the animals contact along its way with some kind of watercourse. In addition, 97.5% (78/80) contacts with other dogs and does not receive an effective pharmacological treatment to protect the dogs from phlebotom bites. The low prevalence resulting from the screening (2.5%) can be explained by the long asymptomatic period that some dogs present, with low production of antibodies, being therefore difficult to detect by the rapid test. Another explanation is the possible resistance that the native breeds may have developed, because they lived for hundreds of years in endemic locations. However, that type of conclusion suffers from further studies.
ABSTRACT - Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease, transmitted by a vector, whose main host is the dog. It is characterized by a range of clinical signs and sometimes has a long period of asymptomatic disease. Because it is a growing and often neglected affection, it is necessary to study its prevalence in order to adopt the most effective control measures to combat this zoonosis, not forgetting the set of risk factors that benefit the infection. In Portugal, specifically in the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, characterized by a temperate Mediterranean climate favorable to vector development, outbreaks of infection have been reported since the 90s. The Transmontano Mastiff, originated by the Iberian Mastiff, resulted from a set of genes left by the ancient shepherd dogs, in the seasonal transhumance. The breed adapted to the region of Trás-os-Montes, to its mountainous lands, gained resistance to the adverse climate that is sometimes felt and to the thermal amplitude. It is fundamentally a working dog (as verified in the screening, where 85% of the dogs are used for guarding), that accompanies the cattle during their daily journey, with the objective of protecting them from external predators. The objective of the screening, which targeted 80 Transmontano Mastiffs, was essentially to analyze a breed that due to its competence already constitutes a risk factor. It sleeps mainly outdoors (83,75%), during the day it follows and protects the cattle, contacting with possible places of vectorial reproduction and also with possible sylvatic hosts, for example the vector P. ariasi develops in humid environments, being that 91.25% (73/80) of the animals contact along its way with some kind of watercourse. In addition, 97.5% (78/80) contacts with other dogs and does not receive an effective pharmacological treatment to protect the dogs from phlebotom bites. The low prevalence resulting from the screening (2.5%) can be explained by the long asymptomatic period that some dogs present, with low production of antibodies, being therefore difficult to detect by the rapid test. Another explanation is the possible resistance that the native breeds may have developed, because they lived for hundreds of years in endemic locations. However, that type of conclusion suffers from further studies.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Palavras-chave
Leishmaniose Cão de Gado Transmontano fatores de risco Trás-os-Montes prevalência Leishmaniasis Transmontane Mastiff risk factors Trás-os-Montes prevalence
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Pinto CA 2021. Rastreio de L. infantum no cão de gado transmontano, nos concelhos de Bragança, Vinhais, Macedo de Cavaleiros, Chaves e Montalegre [dissertação de mestrado]. Lisboa: FMV-Universidade de Lisboa.
Editora
Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária