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Dieta cetogénica como terapêutica coadjuvante no tratamento do cancro
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Atualmente existem cada vez mais avanços na investigação da terapêutica contra o cancro, mantendo-se, no entanto, como a segunda causa de morte a nível mundial. Torna-se urgente investir em tratamentos complementares que visem melhorar a resposta às terapêuticas convencionais, como a quimioterapia, radioterapia e cirurgia. A dieta parece apresentar potencial interesse na modulação da resposta celular a estímulos ambientais, podendo ser um contributo para a melhoria do prognóstico dos doentes oncológicos. Nesse contexto, vários estudos sugerem que a dieta cetogénica pode sensibilizar seletivamente as células tumorais para as terapêuticas convencionais, protegendo as células saudáveis dos efeitos adversos e melhorando a resposta do sistema imunitário.
Este trabalho tem como objetivos realizar uma revisão teórica sobre a aplicação da dieta cetogénica como terapêutica coadjuvante no tratamento do cancro, apresentar resultados sobre estudos de intervenção, discutir sobre a sua aplicabilidade e limitações e refletir sobre as perspetivas futuras.
A maioria dos autores descreve a viabilidade teórica da utilização da dieta cetogénica no tratamento do cancro, com destaque para os mecanismos de ação possivelmente envolvidos. Constata-se que o tipo de cancro mais referenciado em ensaios clínicos é o glioma, com alguns resultados favoráveis à utilização da dieta cetogénica em variáveis como diminuição da glicémia, aumento sérico dos corpos cetónicos, regressão tumoral e prolongamento do tempo de sobrevida. É, no entanto, unânime que a utilização da dieta cetogénica como terapêutica coadjuvante no tratamento do cancro deve continuar a ser testada em ensaios clínicos randomizados bem desenhados, com vista ao esclarecimento dos mecanismos de ação, tipos de cancro, tempo de intervenção necessário e efeitos no prognóstico.
Nowadays, there are more and more developments in cancer therapy research. However, cancer remains the second leading cause of death worldwide. It becomes urgent to invest in complementary treatments that aim to improve the response of conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. The diet seems to have a great potential in modulating cellular response to environmental stimuli, and it can be a contribution to the improvement of the prognosis of cancer patients. In this context, several studies suggest that the ketogenic diet can selectively sensitize tumor cells to conventional therapies, protecting healthy cells from adverse effects and improving the response of the immune system. This dissertation aims to conduct a theoretical review on the application of the ketogenic diet as a coadjuvant therapy in the treatment of cancer, present results about intervention studies, discuss its applicability and limitations and reflect on the future prospects. The majority of the authors describe the theoretical feasibility of using the ketogenic diet in the treatment of cancer, with emphasis on mechanisms of action possibly involved. It was verified that the most included type of cancer in clinical trials is glioma, with some favourable results on the use of ketogenic diet in variables such as the decrease in glycemia, serum increase of ketonic bodies, tumoral regression and prolongation of survival time. It is, however, unanimous that the application of ketogenic diet as therapy coadjuvant in the treatment of cancer should continue to be tested in well-designed randomized clinical trials to clarify the mechanisms of action, types of cancer, required intervention time and effects on the prognosis.
Nowadays, there are more and more developments in cancer therapy research. However, cancer remains the second leading cause of death worldwide. It becomes urgent to invest in complementary treatments that aim to improve the response of conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. The diet seems to have a great potential in modulating cellular response to environmental stimuli, and it can be a contribution to the improvement of the prognosis of cancer patients. In this context, several studies suggest that the ketogenic diet can selectively sensitize tumor cells to conventional therapies, protecting healthy cells from adverse effects and improving the response of the immune system. This dissertation aims to conduct a theoretical review on the application of the ketogenic diet as a coadjuvant therapy in the treatment of cancer, present results about intervention studies, discuss its applicability and limitations and reflect on the future prospects. The majority of the authors describe the theoretical feasibility of using the ketogenic diet in the treatment of cancer, with emphasis on mechanisms of action possibly involved. It was verified that the most included type of cancer in clinical trials is glioma, with some favourable results on the use of ketogenic diet in variables such as the decrease in glycemia, serum increase of ketonic bodies, tumoral regression and prolongation of survival time. It is, however, unanimous that the application of ketogenic diet as therapy coadjuvant in the treatment of cancer should continue to be tested in well-designed randomized clinical trials to clarify the mechanisms of action, types of cancer, required intervention time and effects on the prognosis.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2021
Palavras-chave
Dieta cetogénica Cancro Terapêutica coadjuvante Nutrição