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A Real Fábrica das Sedas e o comércio têxtil com o Brasil: 1734-1822
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Na presente dissertação estudou-se a história da Real Fábrica das Sedas e da sua
relação com o Brasil. Criada em Lisboa, em 1734, sob protecção régia, por um grupo de
mercadores abastados, cedo a fábrica começou a experimentar problemas de ordem
técnica e financeira, em resultado de um mercado deficiente e da concorrência dos
tecidos ingleses de melhor qualidade e mais baixo preço. Em 1757, a fábrica recuperaria
posição no mercado nacional e ultramarino por iniciativa do Secretário de Estado do
Reino e Mercês, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, conde de Oeiras e futuro marquês
de Pombal, devido às novas regras de gestão, designadamente: uma maior intervenção
da Coroa, dependência administrativa da Junta do Comércio, promulgação de estatutos
relativos às várias facetas da fábrica, tais como e, de entre outras, laboração, preparação
técnica e protecção social dos empregados e suas famílias. O empreendimento acabou
por funcionar como uma escola e uma corporação de ofícios. Paralelamente, ocorreu o
alargamento da produção a outros sectores industriais, além dos têxteis, a contratação de
artífices estrangeiros especializados, a articulação com as companhias monopolistas do
comércio com o Brasil e a criação de normas creditícias para facilitar pagamentos. Deuse
ainda um incentivo à plantação de amoreiras. Após a retirada do marquês de Pombal
do governo, a alteração da política industrial não beneficiou a fábrica, que não soube
enfrentar o incremento da concorrência inglesa nem a difusão mais acentuada do
algodão no mercado. Finalmente, a retirada da família real e de parte da nobreza para o
Brasil, devido às invasões francesas (1807), a abertura dos portos brasileiros (1808), a
permissão de fabrico de sedas no Brasil (1808) e o tratado de comércio com a Inglaterra
(1810), ditariam uma nova fase de decadência da fábrica, que culminaria com a sua
venda em hasta pública, decretada pela portaria de 27 de Julho de 1835, do Ministro do
Reino
Abstract: In the present dissertation, the history of the Royal Silk Factory and its relationship with Brazil was studied. Created in Lisbon, in 1734, under royal protection, by a group of wealthy merchants, the factory soon began to experience technical and 3 financial difficulties due both to a poor market and to the competition by the superior and more affordable English textiles. In 1757, the factory would recover and assert itself in the national and overseas markets by initiative of the Honorary Secretary of State of the Kingdom Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Count of Oeiras and future Marquis of Pombal, due to the new management rules, namely: a larger intervention by the Crown, administrative dependence on the Chamber of Commerce, promulgation of statutes related to the various aspects of the factory, such as, labor, technical preparation and social protection of the workers and their families. The undertaking turned up serving as a school and a corporation of trades. Similarly, the production was expanded to other industrial sectors besides textiles, skilled foreign craftsmen were hired, an utterance to monopolist companies of commerce with Brazil and credit rules were enacted in order to enable payments. In addition, an incentive was given for the cultivation of mulberry trees. After the Marquis of Pombal having left the government, the changes put into industrial politics didn´t benefit the factory, which was unable to face the increasing English competition or the more accentuated diffusion of cotton in the markets. Finally, the retreat of the royal family and part of the nobility to Brazil, due to the Napoleonic invasions (1807), the opening of the Brazilian ports (1808), the authorization granted to manufacture silk in Brazil (1808) and the trade treaty with England (1810) would dictate a new stage of decadence of the factory, which would culminate with its sale in public auction, decreed by the ordinance of July 27th of 1835, by the Minister of the Kingdom.
Abstract: In the present dissertation, the history of the Royal Silk Factory and its relationship with Brazil was studied. Created in Lisbon, in 1734, under royal protection, by a group of wealthy merchants, the factory soon began to experience technical and 3 financial difficulties due both to a poor market and to the competition by the superior and more affordable English textiles. In 1757, the factory would recover and assert itself in the national and overseas markets by initiative of the Honorary Secretary of State of the Kingdom Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Count of Oeiras and future Marquis of Pombal, due to the new management rules, namely: a larger intervention by the Crown, administrative dependence on the Chamber of Commerce, promulgation of statutes related to the various aspects of the factory, such as, labor, technical preparation and social protection of the workers and their families. The undertaking turned up serving as a school and a corporation of trades. Similarly, the production was expanded to other industrial sectors besides textiles, skilled foreign craftsmen were hired, an utterance to monopolist companies of commerce with Brazil and credit rules were enacted in order to enable payments. In addition, an incentive was given for the cultivation of mulberry trees. After the Marquis of Pombal having left the government, the changes put into industrial politics didn´t benefit the factory, which was unable to face the increasing English competition or the more accentuated diffusion of cotton in the markets. Finally, the retreat of the royal family and part of the nobility to Brazil, due to the Napoleonic invasions (1807), the opening of the Brazilian ports (1808), the authorization granted to manufacture silk in Brazil (1808) and the trade treaty with England (1810) would dictate a new stage of decadence of the factory, which would culminate with its sale in public auction, decreed by the ordinance of July 27th of 1835, by the Minister of the Kingdom.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, História dos Descobrimentos e da Expansão, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2011
Palavras-chave
Real Fábrica das Sedas - Portugal Indústria textil - Portugal - séc.18-19 Condições económicas - Portugal - séc.18-19 Comércio - Brasil - séc.18-19 Teses de mestrado - 2011