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O incumprimento da obrigação pelo garante
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A relação fidejussória é obrigacional, a sua compreensão implica a compreensão da dimensão complexa da obrigação que comporta o núcleo e a dimensão periférica traduzida em obrigações acessórias. É em torno dela que ganha expressão a construção em torno das garantias em geral e da fiança em particular. O sentido técnico-jurídico da garantia tem em si impregnada a dimensão de protecção do crédito, sendo o risco o fundamento da mesma. Nesta medida, obrigação e garantia pressupõem-se como o verso e o reverso da uma mesma realidade. A fiança eleva-se como garantia de primeira grandeza constituindo o quadro de referência de todas as garantias pessoais, apresentando, pela acessoriedade, a linha diferenciadora em relação as outras garantias com uma acessoriedade graduada com maior ou menor autonomia. O essencial da fiança circunscreve-se na relação que se estabelece entre credor e fiador, sendo neste domínio que se colocam questões importantes como as do benefício de excussão, elemento crítico para o problema do incumprimento do fiador, cuja compreensão requer o chamamento à juízo de um conceito que lhe-é correlativo, o principal, sendo em virtude deste que o acessório se molda e compreende. Quanto a subsidiariedade, o facto de ser uma caraterística da qual a fiança pode prescindir não significa que não goze de uma importância capital, afinal, é em virtude dela que se coloca o problema do benefício de excussão. Por esta medida, acessoriedade e subsidiariedade mostram-se como sendo verdadeiros princípios interpretativos da obrigação fidejussória. Em relação ao credor assim como ao próprio devedor, a situação do fiador não é de sujeição, pois que, apesar do dever que sobre si impende, a ordem jurídica confere direitos ao fiador podendo este traduzir-se na recusa de cumprimento cuja consequência efectiva-se na paralisação do exercício do direito do credor em demandar o fiador, sem que estejam excutidos todos os bens do devedor principal. ou seja, a excussão prévia do património do devedor primário transforma-se num pressuposto inultrapassável, numa condição para que o fiador realize a prestação. O incumprimento aqui em referência respeita, num primeiro plano, aquele que se dá no domínio da relação de valuta que afecta a relação de cobertura, pois que, havendo incumprimento em sede da obrigação principal, verificam-se efeitos na obrigação acessória, trazendo a juízo, ao abrigo desta consideração, o benefício do prazo que apresenta um caracter pessoal, dirigindo-se aos devedores, pois que, o conhecimento do prazo pelo fiador no momento da assunção da fiança é fundamental em virtude de permitir que o risco assumido seja balizado temporalmente pela interpelação ao devedor, não se permitindo a assunção de responsabilidade fora do quadro de risco previamente assumido no momento da celebração do contrato. O enquadramento da relação fidejussória no domínio do crédito ao consumo apresenta níveis elevado de delicadeza, em virtude de se estar por um lado diante de uma obrigação comercial marcada pela exclusão do benefício de excussão com consequências drásticas para o fiador.
The fidejussory relationship is an obligation, its understanding implies understanding the complex dimension of the obligation that comprises the core and the peripheral dimension translated into accessory obligations. It is around this that the construction around guarantees in general and bail in particular gains expression. The technical-legal meaning of the guarantee is imbued with the dimension of credit protection, with risk being its basis. To this extent, obligation and guarantee are presupposed as the reverse side of the same reality. The guarantee stands as a guarantee of the first magnitude, constituting the reference framework for all personal guarantees, presenting, through accessory, the differentiating line in relation to other guarantees with a graduated accessory with greater or lesser autonomy. The essence of the guarantee is limited to the relationship established between creditor and guarantor, and it is in this area that important questions arise such as the benefit of excussion, a critical element for the problem of the guarantor's failure to comply, the understanding of which requires a call to court a concept that is correlative to it, the main one, and it is by virtue of this that the accessory is shaped and understood. As for subsidiarity, the fact that it is a feature that bail can do without does not mean that it is not of capital importance, after all, it is because of it that the problem of the excussion benefit arises. By this measure, accessory and subsidiarity are shown to be true interpretative principles of the fidejussory obligation. In relation to the creditor as well as the debtor himself, the guarantor's situation is not one of subjection, since, despite the duty imposed upon him, the legal order confers rights on the guarantor, which may result in a refusal to comply, the effective consequence of which is if the exercise of the creditor's right to sue the guarantor is stopped, without all of the main debtor's assets being foreclosed. in other words, the prior foreclosure of the primary debtor's assets becomes an insurmountable prerequisite, a condition for the guarantor to perform the performance. The breach in reference here concerns, in the first place, that which occurs in the field of the value relationship that affects the coverage relationship, since, if there is non- compliance with the main obligation, there are effects on the accessory obligation, bringing to court , under this consideration, the benefit of the period that has a personal nature, addressed to the debtors, since the knowledge of the period by the guarantor at the time of assuming the guarantee is fundamental as it allows the risk assumed to be temporally defined by interpellation to the debtor, not allowing the assumption of responsibility outside the risk framework previously assumed at the time of signing the contract. The framework of the fidejussory relationship in the field of consumer credit presents high levels of delicacy, due to the fact that on the one hand it is faced with a commercial obligation marked by the exclusion of the benefit of excussion with drastic consequences for the guarantor.
The fidejussory relationship is an obligation, its understanding implies understanding the complex dimension of the obligation that comprises the core and the peripheral dimension translated into accessory obligations. It is around this that the construction around guarantees in general and bail in particular gains expression. The technical-legal meaning of the guarantee is imbued with the dimension of credit protection, with risk being its basis. To this extent, obligation and guarantee are presupposed as the reverse side of the same reality. The guarantee stands as a guarantee of the first magnitude, constituting the reference framework for all personal guarantees, presenting, through accessory, the differentiating line in relation to other guarantees with a graduated accessory with greater or lesser autonomy. The essence of the guarantee is limited to the relationship established between creditor and guarantor, and it is in this area that important questions arise such as the benefit of excussion, a critical element for the problem of the guarantor's failure to comply, the understanding of which requires a call to court a concept that is correlative to it, the main one, and it is by virtue of this that the accessory is shaped and understood. As for subsidiarity, the fact that it is a feature that bail can do without does not mean that it is not of capital importance, after all, it is because of it that the problem of the excussion benefit arises. By this measure, accessory and subsidiarity are shown to be true interpretative principles of the fidejussory obligation. In relation to the creditor as well as the debtor himself, the guarantor's situation is not one of subjection, since, despite the duty imposed upon him, the legal order confers rights on the guarantor, which may result in a refusal to comply, the effective consequence of which is if the exercise of the creditor's right to sue the guarantor is stopped, without all of the main debtor's assets being foreclosed. in other words, the prior foreclosure of the primary debtor's assets becomes an insurmountable prerequisite, a condition for the guarantor to perform the performance. The breach in reference here concerns, in the first place, that which occurs in the field of the value relationship that affects the coverage relationship, since, if there is non- compliance with the main obligation, there are effects on the accessory obligation, bringing to court , under this consideration, the benefit of the period that has a personal nature, addressed to the debtors, since the knowledge of the period by the guarantor at the time of assuming the guarantee is fundamental as it allows the risk assumed to be temporally defined by interpellation to the debtor, not allowing the assumption of responsibility outside the risk framework previously assumed at the time of signing the contract. The framework of the fidejussory relationship in the field of consumer credit presents high levels of delicacy, due to the fact that on the one hand it is faced with a commercial obligation marked by the exclusion of the benefit of excussion with drastic consequences for the guarantor.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Direito e Ciência Jurídica, 2025, Faculdade de Direito, Universidade de Lisboa
Palavras-chave
Obrigação Garantia Fiança Fiador Acessoriedade Subsidiariedade Devedor Credor Incumprimento Teses de mestrado - 2025