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A violência sexual à luz do direito internacional
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O presente trabalho analisou a prática de violência sexual contra a mulher em situações de conflitos armados e o desenvolvimento de um arcabouço jurídico internacional para a sua salvaguarda. A pesquisa investigou a gravidade dessa questão e a problemática quanto ao julgamento e punição dos perpetradores de tal violência, desde um tímido e relutante interesse da comunidade internacional até o reconhecimento de que os crimes de violência sexual podem ser caracterizados como crimes de guerra, crimes contra a humanidade, bem como genocídio. Essa tipificação foi resultante dos conflitos na antiga Iugoslávia e em Ruanda, nos quais, a violência sexual contra as mulheres atingiu uma nova dimensão, e o consequente estabelecimento dos tribunais ad hoc. Por meio de um panorama estatutário e jurisprudencial, o trabalho observou a evolução do tema no Direito Internacional e sua importância para a criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional, em 1998, que veio a solidificar a jurisprudência dos tribunais anteriores e tipificar expressamente os crimes de natureza sexual, ampliando o rol até então existente. A solidificação de um Tribunal Penal permanente é mais um passo para assegurar, se não uma prevenção ante a possibilidade real de um julgamento, mas também de repressão à prática de tais crimes, significando um progresso no combate à impunidade dos violadores das normas internacionais e justiça para as mulheres vítimas dessa violência.
This study examined the practice of sexual violence against women during armed conflicts and the development of an international legal framework for their protection. This research investigated the severity of this issue and the obstacles regarding the trial and punishment of the perpetrators – including the international community’s hesistancy until the recognizement that sexual violence against women during armed conflict can be defined as war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. These new definitions of sexual violence resulted, in part, from events that transpired during conflicts in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda – where sexual violence against women reached new levels and resulted in the establishment of ad hoc tribunals to bring perpetrators of sexual violence to justice. Through an overview of statutory and case law, this study examines the evolution of international law regarding sexual violence during armed conflict leading to the creation of the International Criminal Court in 1998, which served as a mechanism to expressly define sexual crimes in the context of armed conflict and enforce judicial precedent. The establishment of the International Criminal Court is an important step to ensure not only the prevention of sexual crimes, notwithstanding the real possibility of a trial, but also the repression of such criminal acts by combating impunity for violators of international norms and bringing justice to the victims of sexual violence.
This study examined the practice of sexual violence against women during armed conflicts and the development of an international legal framework for their protection. This research investigated the severity of this issue and the obstacles regarding the trial and punishment of the perpetrators – including the international community’s hesistancy until the recognizement that sexual violence against women during armed conflict can be defined as war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. These new definitions of sexual violence resulted, in part, from events that transpired during conflicts in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda – where sexual violence against women reached new levels and resulted in the establishment of ad hoc tribunals to bring perpetrators of sexual violence to justice. Through an overview of statutory and case law, this study examines the evolution of international law regarding sexual violence during armed conflict leading to the creation of the International Criminal Court in 1998, which served as a mechanism to expressly define sexual crimes in the context of armed conflict and enforce judicial precedent. The establishment of the International Criminal Court is an important step to ensure not only the prevention of sexual crimes, notwithstanding the real possibility of a trial, but also the repression of such criminal acts by combating impunity for violators of international norms and bringing justice to the victims of sexual violence.
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Direito humanitário internacional Violência sexual Jurisprudência Crime de guerra Crime contra a humanidade Genocídio Tribunal penal internacional Teses de mestrado - 2013