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Bullying na adolescência : perfil psicológico de agressores, vítimas e observadores
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
O principal objetivo desta investigação passa pela elaboração de um perfil psicológico de agressores, vítimas e observadores de bullying. Pretende-se ainda analisar as diferenças de género em relação à empatia, autoestima e atitudes face à violência, bem como a forma como estas últimas se podem relacionar. Adicionalmente pretende-se avaliar as características psicométricas dos instrumentos de avaliação selecionados. Neste estudo participaram 101 adolescentes com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 18 anos (46 do género masculino e 55 do género feminino). A recolha de dados realizou-se mediante a aplicação de quatro questionários: um questionário sobre comportamentos de bullying, o Questionnaire to Assess Affective and Cognitive Empathy (QACEC) (Veiga e Santos, 2011), a Escala de Auto-Estima de Rosenberg (RSES) (Pechorro, Mâroco, Poiares e Vieira, 2011, e a Escala de Atitudes face à Violência (EAV) (Martins, 2009). O RSES e a EAV revelaram-se, tal como no estudo original, úteis na medição da autoestima e atitudes face à violência, possuindo uma elevada consistência interna. Já o QACEC sofreu bastantes alterações na sua estrutura devido a muitos dos seus itens não se diferenciarem claramente da subescala da empatia afetiva, o que questiona a sua utilização em investigações futuras. Os resultados mostraram que os agressores apresentavam atitudes mais favoráveis à violência, quando comparados com as vítimas e os observadores. Verificou-se ainda que os adolescentes do género masculino tinham atitudes mais favoráveis à violência em relação às adolescentes do género feminino, que por sua vez apresentaram maiores níveis de empatia afetiva. Foram ainda obtidas associações positivas e negativas entre as três variáveis psicológicas em estudo.
The main goal of this investigation is the elaboration of a psychological profile of bullies, victims and the witnesses of bullying. It is also intended to analyze the gender differences when it comes to empathy, self-esteem and attitude towards violence, and the relation between the last two concepts. Additionally, it is intended to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the selected instruments of evaluation. 101 teenagers between 12 and 18 years of age (46 males and 55 females) took part in this study. The data collection was accomplished through the application of four questionnaires: one about bullying behavior, the Questionnaire to Assess Affective and Cognitive Empathy (QACEC) (Veiga and Santos, 2011), the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (Pechorro, Mâroco, Poiares and Vieira, 2011) and the Escala de Atitudes face à Violência (EAV) (Martins, 2009). RSES and EAV revealed themselves, as in the original study, useful in the measurement of selfesteem and attitude towards violence, possessing a high internal consistency. However, the QACEC underwent through numerous cases of alterations in its structure due to the fact that a large number of its items were undifferentiated from the Affective Empathy Subscale, which questions its usage on future investigations. The results showed that the bullies had a more favourable stand towards violence, when compared to the victims and the witnesses. It was also found that male teenagers had a more favourable stand towards violence than female teenagers, who showed higher levels of affective empathy. Lastly, positive and negative associations between the three psychological variables taken into account were obtained.
The main goal of this investigation is the elaboration of a psychological profile of bullies, victims and the witnesses of bullying. It is also intended to analyze the gender differences when it comes to empathy, self-esteem and attitude towards violence, and the relation between the last two concepts. Additionally, it is intended to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the selected instruments of evaluation. 101 teenagers between 12 and 18 years of age (46 males and 55 females) took part in this study. The data collection was accomplished through the application of four questionnaires: one about bullying behavior, the Questionnaire to Assess Affective and Cognitive Empathy (QACEC) (Veiga and Santos, 2011), the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (Pechorro, Mâroco, Poiares and Vieira, 2011) and the Escala de Atitudes face à Violência (EAV) (Martins, 2009). RSES and EAV revealed themselves, as in the original study, useful in the measurement of selfesteem and attitude towards violence, possessing a high internal consistency. However, the QACEC underwent through numerous cases of alterations in its structure due to the fact that a large number of its items were undifferentiated from the Affective Empathy Subscale, which questions its usage on future investigations. The results showed that the bullies had a more favourable stand towards violence, when compared to the victims and the witnesses. It was also found that male teenagers had a more favourable stand towards violence than female teenagers, who showed higher levels of affective empathy. Lastly, positive and negative associations between the three psychological variables taken into account were obtained.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Secção de Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde, Núcleo de Psicoterapia Cognitiva-Comportamental e Integrativa), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2015
Palavras-chave
Bullying Agressores Vítimas Observador Adolescência Teses de mestrado - 2015