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Uma das formas de controlo de doenças infeciosas são as vacinas, tendo como objetivo o alcance de um nível de cobertura suficiente para interromper a transmissão de agentes patogénicos. Este estudo tem como objetivo o estudo das vacinas para a estimulação da imunidade ao nível das mucosas. É um estudo secundário com revisão narrativa e com utilização de diferentes tipos de documentos como, artigos científicos, teses ou dissertações, e sites. As mucosas são a primeira linha de defesa contra agentes patogénicos, através da produção de IgA secretora desempenhando um papel fundamental na exclusão imunológica e neutralização de agentes infeciosos. A resposta imunológica ao nível das mucosas é essencial para a defesa que pode ser efetivamente estimulada por vacinas direcionadas a tecidos linfoides associados às mucosas. As diferentes vias de administração das mesmas apresentam como desvantagem a degradação enzimática. A microbiota intestinal desempenha um papel fundamental na modulação da imunidade induzida por vacinas. A eficácia vacinal pode ser reduzida devido a enteropatias ambientais, desnutrição e em países menos desenvolvidos. O impacto da microbiota pode melhorar as taxas de resposta imunitária especialmente em crianças e populações vulneráveis. De modo a melhorar a eficácia das vacinas são usados adjuvantes e sistemas de veiculação onde desempenham um papel importante na indução da resposta imune vacinal aumentando a imunogenicidade. Adjuvantes que atuam ao nível das mucosas como o quitosano, possuem propriedades mucoadesivas que facilitam a veiculação de antigénios e promovem respostas locais robustas. Sistemas de veiculação como as nanopartículas (NPs) oferecem proteção aos antigénios contra a degradação promovendo a sua libertação controlada. As NPs são sistemas de veiculação inovadores para vacinas. Estas têm propriedades que mimetizam os agentes patogénicos oferecendo respostas imunológicas mais robustas e direcionadas. Atualmente, Portugal dispõe de vacinas ao nível das mucosas como, a vacina oral contra o rotavírus, para prevenção de gastroenterites e a vacina intranasal para a gripe. A vacina oral da poliomielite está atualmente em desuso tendo sido substituída por vacina injetável. Em suma, as vacinas representam um avanço promissor no controle de doenças infeciosas, podendo transformar a saúde pública global. O seu desenvolvimento e acessibilidade são fundamentais para maximizar seus benefícios.
One of the methods for controlling infectious diseases is vaccination, aiming to achieve sufficient coverage to interrupt the transmission of pathogens. This study focuses on vaccines that stimulate mucosal immunity. It is a secondary study with a narrative review, utilizing various types of documents such as scientific articles, theses, dissertations, and websites. Mucosal surfaces serve as the first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms by producing secretory IgA, playing a crucial role in immune exclusion and neutralization of infectious agents. Mucosal immune responses are essential for defense and can be effectively stimulated by vaccines targeting mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. However, different administration routes present challenges, such as enzymatic degradation. The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in modulating vaccine-induced immunity. Vaccine efficacy may be reduced due to environmental enteropathies, malnutrition, and conditions in less developed countries. The impact of the microbiota can enhance immune response rates, especially in children and vulnerable populations. To improve vaccine efficacy, adjuvants and delivery systems are used, playing an important role in enhancing immune responses and increasing immunogenicity. Mucosal adjuvants, such as chitosan, have mucoadhesive properties that facilitate antigen delivery and promote strong local immune responses. Delivery systems like nanoparticles (NPs) offer antigen protection against degradation while enabling controlled release. Nanoparticles are innovative vaccine delivery systems with properties that mimic pathogens, inducing more robust and targeted immune responses. Currently, Portugal offers mucosal vaccines such as the oral rotavirus vaccine, which prevents gastroenteritis, and the intranasal influenza vaccine. The oral polio vaccine is no longer in use and has been replaced by an injectable vaccine. In summary, vaccines represent a promising advancement in controlling infectious diseases and have the potential to transform global public health. Their development and accessibility are essential to maximizing their benefits.
One of the methods for controlling infectious diseases is vaccination, aiming to achieve sufficient coverage to interrupt the transmission of pathogens. This study focuses on vaccines that stimulate mucosal immunity. It is a secondary study with a narrative review, utilizing various types of documents such as scientific articles, theses, dissertations, and websites. Mucosal surfaces serve as the first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms by producing secretory IgA, playing a crucial role in immune exclusion and neutralization of infectious agents. Mucosal immune responses are essential for defense and can be effectively stimulated by vaccines targeting mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. However, different administration routes present challenges, such as enzymatic degradation. The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in modulating vaccine-induced immunity. Vaccine efficacy may be reduced due to environmental enteropathies, malnutrition, and conditions in less developed countries. The impact of the microbiota can enhance immune response rates, especially in children and vulnerable populations. To improve vaccine efficacy, adjuvants and delivery systems are used, playing an important role in enhancing immune responses and increasing immunogenicity. Mucosal adjuvants, such as chitosan, have mucoadhesive properties that facilitate antigen delivery and promote strong local immune responses. Delivery systems like nanoparticles (NPs) offer antigen protection against degradation while enabling controlled release. Nanoparticles are innovative vaccine delivery systems with properties that mimic pathogens, inducing more robust and targeted immune responses. Currently, Portugal offers mucosal vaccines such as the oral rotavirus vaccine, which prevents gastroenteritis, and the intranasal influenza vaccine. The oral polio vaccine is no longer in use and has been replaced by an injectable vaccine. In summary, vaccines represent a promising advancement in controlling infectious diseases and have the potential to transform global public health. Their development and accessibility are essential to maximizing their benefits.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2025, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
204205662 Microbiota Mucosas Vacinas Adjuvantes Sistemas de veiculação Mestrado integrado - 2025
