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O papel do direito penal no combate à violência de género : a autonomização do tipo do feminicídio no Código Penal português
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Resumo(s)
Na sociedade actual, o número de mulheres vítimas de violência é, claramente, desproporcional e preocupante. A 10 de Maio de 2022, um artigo da SIC notícias informou que, no primeiro trimestre de 2022, oito mulheres morreram vítimas de violência doméstica, número bastante superior quando comparado com o mesmo período do ano transacto. Face ao número de mulheres que, ao longo dos anos, têm vindo a morrer nas mãos de agressores, pelo simples facto de serem mulheres, deve colocar-se a seguinte questão: Será a lei penal adequada e suficiente para proteger os direitos humanos das mulheres, nomeadamente, o direito à vida? É desta questão que surge o tema principal do presente trabalho que me proponho a desenvolver, no sentido de perceber qual o papel do direito penal no combate à violência de género. Neste sentido, perceber se a autonomização do feminicídio no Código Penal Português, à semelhança do que ocorre nos países da América Latina, é uma solução viável no combate aos números de mulheres mortas com que anualmente somos confrontados. Pode o direito penal intervir nestes casos a título não só preventivo, mas também punitivo? Desde logo, não podemos negar o carácter cultural da violência exercida contra as mulheres, daí que se reconheça que nos casos em que a vítima da violência é a mulher nos encontramos perante crimes com carácter estrutural e não meramente circunstancial. A violência exercida contra a mulher é então dotada de uma carga histórica e cultural, que desde sempre, e ainda nos dias de hoje, continua a ser vista como submissa ao homem. Continua a esperar-se que a mulher actue de acordo com os padrões comportamentais que a sociedade impôs ao longo dos séculos. A não verificação desse comportamento funciona como gatilho que legitima a violência perpetuada contra a mulher. Para efeitos de uma melhor interpretação do tema em estudo, revela-se de especial relevância lançar mão de uma análise de direito comparado no âmbito do combate à violência de género, nomeadamente, a abordagem dos diversos ordenamentos jurídicos à tipificação autónoma do crime do feminicídio. Nestes termos, será feito um breve estudo de direito comparado com regimes jurídicos europeus, nomeadamente, com o código penal espanhol . Será ainda feito um estudo comparativo com o direito penal brasileiro e ibero-americano, porquanto a temática em estudo se encontra bastante desenvolvida nestes países. No entanto, o tema em questão não deixa de ser controverso, porquanto vem levantar diversas questões jurídicas relativamente a princípios do Direito, nomeadamente, o princípio da subsidariedade e princípio da igualdade.
In today's society, the number of women victims of violence is clearly disproportionate and worrying. On 10 May 2022, an article in SIC news reported that, in the first quarter of 2022, eight women died victims of domestic violence, a much higher number when compared to the same period last year. In view of the number of women who, over the years, have been dying at the hands of aggressors, simply because they are women, the following question must be asked: Is the criminal law adequate and sufficient to protect women's human rights, namely the right to life? It is from this question that the main theme of this work arises, in order to understand the role of criminal law in combating gender violence. In this sense, to understand if the autonomisation of feminicide in the Portuguese Penal Code, similar to what occurs in Latin American countries, is a viable solution to combat the numbers of dead women with which we are confronted annually. Can criminal law intervene in these cases not only preventively, but also punitively? First of all, we cannot deny the cultural nature of violence against women, which is why it is recognised that in cases where the victim of violence is a woman we are dealing with crimes of a structural and not merely circumstantial nature. Violence against women is therefore historically and culturally loaded, and women have always, and still today, been seen as submissive to men. Women are still expected to act according to the behavioural standards that society has imposed over the centuries. Failure to do so acts as a trigger to legitimise the violence perpetuated against women. For the purpose of a better interpretation of the subject under study, it is particularly important to analyse comparative law in the context of combating gender violence, namely the approach of the various legal systems to the autonomous classification of the crime of feminicide. In these terms, a brief study of comparative law will be made with European legal regimes, namely with the Spanish penal code. A comparative study will also be made with Brazilian and Ibero-American criminal law, since the subject under study is well developed in these countries. However, the topic in question is controversial, as it raises several legal issues regarding principles of law, namely the principle of subsidiarity and the principle of equality.
In today's society, the number of women victims of violence is clearly disproportionate and worrying. On 10 May 2022, an article in SIC news reported that, in the first quarter of 2022, eight women died victims of domestic violence, a much higher number when compared to the same period last year. In view of the number of women who, over the years, have been dying at the hands of aggressors, simply because they are women, the following question must be asked: Is the criminal law adequate and sufficient to protect women's human rights, namely the right to life? It is from this question that the main theme of this work arises, in order to understand the role of criminal law in combating gender violence. In this sense, to understand if the autonomisation of feminicide in the Portuguese Penal Code, similar to what occurs in Latin American countries, is a viable solution to combat the numbers of dead women with which we are confronted annually. Can criminal law intervene in these cases not only preventively, but also punitively? First of all, we cannot deny the cultural nature of violence against women, which is why it is recognised that in cases where the victim of violence is a woman we are dealing with crimes of a structural and not merely circumstantial nature. Violence against women is therefore historically and culturally loaded, and women have always, and still today, been seen as submissive to men. Women are still expected to act according to the behavioural standards that society has imposed over the centuries. Failure to do so acts as a trigger to legitimise the violence perpetuated against women. For the purpose of a better interpretation of the subject under study, it is particularly important to analyse comparative law in the context of combating gender violence, namely the approach of the various legal systems to the autonomous classification of the crime of feminicide. In these terms, a brief study of comparative law will be made with European legal regimes, namely with the Spanish penal code. A comparative study will also be made with Brazilian and Ibero-American criminal law, since the subject under study is well developed in these countries. However, the topic in question is controversial, as it raises several legal issues regarding principles of law, namely the principle of subsidiarity and the principle of equality.
Descrição
Direito e Prática Jurídica
Palavras-chave
Feminicídio Género Igualdade Violência de género Discriminação Teses de mestrado - 2024