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Risco de COVID-19 em doentes oncológicos
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A COVID-19 é a doença provocada pelo novo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2, identificado pela primeira vez no final de 2019, na cidade chinesa de Wuhan. Esta doença, que pode causar insuficiência respiratória grave e morte, foi designada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) como “pandemia” em março de 2020, tendo no início de maio de 2021 ultrapassado os 150 milhões de casos confirmados e mais de 3 milhões de mortes a nível mundial. Este aumento dos números realça a importância de se estudar o impacto desta doença nos doentes oncológicos.
Os indivíduos com cancro estão mais suscetíveis a infeções devido ao seu estado de imunossupressão sistémico causada pela neoplasia em si e pelos tratamentos, como quimioterapia, radioterapia, terapêuticas dirigidas e cirurgia. Assim, pode-se pensar que estes doentes talvez apresentem um maior risco de COVID-19 e um pior prognóstico.
Esta revisão tem como objetivo analisar o risco de COVID-19 em indivíduos com doença oncológica ativa versus doença oncológica passada e correlacionar com o estado de imunossupressão induzido pela doença maligna em si e pelas diferentes terapêuticas disponíveis, fornecendo assim uma base abrangente para compreender o conhecimento atual. A metodologia desta revisão consiste numa pesquisa seletiva de literatura em bases de dados bibliográficas complementada por uma consulta de informação em sites como o WHO, ESMO e ASCO.
A informação disponível é variável, no entanto a maioria dos dados sugere uma maior incidência de COVID-19 em doentes oncológicos e uma maior probabilidade de desenvolver doença grave e morte por COVID-19 entre pacientes adultos com neoplasia ativa.
COVID-19 is the disease caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, first identified in late 2019, in the Chinese city of Wuhan. This disease, which can cause severe respiratory failure and death, was designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a “pandemic” in March 2020, having surpassed 150 million confirmed cases and more than 3 million deaths worldwide at the beginning of May 2021. This increase in numbers highlights the importance of studying the impact of this disease on cancer patients. Individuals with cancer are more susceptible to infections because of their systemic immunosuppression status caused by the cancer itself and by treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapies and surgery. Thus, it can be thought that these patients may have a higher risk of COVID-19 and a worse prognosis. This review aims to analyse the risk of COVID-19 in individuals with active cancer versus past cancer disease and to correlate it with the immunosuppression state induced by the malignancy itself and by the different therapies available, providing a comprehensive basis for understanding current knowledge. The methodology of this review consists of a selective literature search in bibliographic databases complemented by a search for information on sites such as WHO, ESMO and ASCO. The information available is variable, however most data suggest a higher incidence of COVID-19 in cancer patients and a higher probability of developing severe disease and death from COVID-19 among adult patients with active cancer.
COVID-19 is the disease caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, first identified in late 2019, in the Chinese city of Wuhan. This disease, which can cause severe respiratory failure and death, was designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a “pandemic” in March 2020, having surpassed 150 million confirmed cases and more than 3 million deaths worldwide at the beginning of May 2021. This increase in numbers highlights the importance of studying the impact of this disease on cancer patients. Individuals with cancer are more susceptible to infections because of their systemic immunosuppression status caused by the cancer itself and by treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapies and surgery. Thus, it can be thought that these patients may have a higher risk of COVID-19 and a worse prognosis. This review aims to analyse the risk of COVID-19 in individuals with active cancer versus past cancer disease and to correlate it with the immunosuppression state induced by the malignancy itself and by the different therapies available, providing a comprehensive basis for understanding current knowledge. The methodology of this review consists of a selective literature search in bibliographic databases complemented by a search for information on sites such as WHO, ESMO and ASCO. The information available is variable, however most data suggest a higher incidence of COVID-19 in cancer patients and a higher probability of developing severe disease and death from COVID-19 among adult patients with active cancer.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2021
Palavras-chave
COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Doença oncológica Imunossupressão Tratamento antineoplásico