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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Nos últimos 50 anos têm-se verificado progressos científicos significativos no estudo da contraceção feminina. Porém, a população mundial continua a crescer rapidamente, acarretando consequências ambientais devastadoras, como o aquecimento global. Além disso, quase metade de todas as gravidezes permanecem indesejadas ou não planeadas.
A gravidez indesejada é um problema de saúde pública mundial. Apesar da existência de uma variedade de opções contracetivas femininas, as opções contracetivas masculinas limitam-se ao preservativo e à vasectomia. O preservativo tem elevada taxa de insucesso e a vasectomia não é totalmente reversível. Desta forma, a necessidade e o desejo global por novos métodos contracetivos masculinos são inegáveis.
Os métodos contracetivos hormonais foram os que mais progrediram no desenvolvimento clínico e as formulações de androgénios em combinação com progestinas prometem ser uma solução contracetiva reversível e comercializável na
próxima década. Os ensaios clínicos demonstraram a segurança e reversibilidade da contraceção hormonal masculina, embora efeitos secundários como aumento de peso, acne, alterações de humor e alterações da líbido tenham sido reportados.
Apesar de um progresso mais lento, os métodos contracetivos não hormonais masculinos, como os métodos de obstrução dos vasos deferentes, estão atualmente em ensaios clínicos em alguns países.
Desafios como a falta de investimento por parte da indústria farmacêutica, preocupações com possíveis efeitos secundários, assim como questões de eficácia, reversibilidade e aceitabilidade dificultam o desenvolvimento e disponibilidade de novos métodos contracetivos masculinos. Contudo, a sua eventual disponibilidade pode representar um marco crucial na redução das taxas de gravidezes indesejadas e um avanço rumo à justiça reprodutiva e equidade no planeamento familiar. No entanto, até que isso aconteça, as mulheres continuarão a ser responsáveis pelo fardo da contraceção, perpetuando a disparidade de género no planeamento familiar.
The last 50 years have seen significant scientific progress in the study of female contraception. However, the world's population continues to grow rapidly, leading to devastating environmental consequences such as global warming. In addition, almost half of all pregnancies remain unwanted or unplanned. Unwanted pregnancy is a worldwide public health problem. Despite the existence of a variety of female contraceptive options, male contraceptive options are limited to condoms and vasectomy. Condoms have high failure rates and vasectomy is not fully reversible. Therefore, the global need and desire for new male contraceptive methods is undeniable. Hormonal contraceptive methods have made the most progress in clinical development and formulations of androgens in combination with progestins promise to be a reversible and marketable contraceptive solution within the next decade. Clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and reversibility of male hormonal contraception, although side effects such as weight gain, acne, mood swings and changes in libido have been reported. Despite slower progress, non-hormonal male contraceptive methods, such as vas deferens obstruction methods, are currently undergoing clinical trials in some countries. Challenges such as lack of investment from the pharmaceutical industry, concerns about possible side effects, as well as issues of efficacy, reversibility and acceptability hinder the development and availability of new male contraceptive methods. However, their eventual availability could represent a crucial milestone in reducing the rates of unwanted pregnancies and a step towards reproductive justice and equity in family planning. However, until this happens, women will continue to be responsible for the burden of contraception, perpetuating the gender gap in family planning.
The last 50 years have seen significant scientific progress in the study of female contraception. However, the world's population continues to grow rapidly, leading to devastating environmental consequences such as global warming. In addition, almost half of all pregnancies remain unwanted or unplanned. Unwanted pregnancy is a worldwide public health problem. Despite the existence of a variety of female contraceptive options, male contraceptive options are limited to condoms and vasectomy. Condoms have high failure rates and vasectomy is not fully reversible. Therefore, the global need and desire for new male contraceptive methods is undeniable. Hormonal contraceptive methods have made the most progress in clinical development and formulations of androgens in combination with progestins promise to be a reversible and marketable contraceptive solution within the next decade. Clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and reversibility of male hormonal contraception, although side effects such as weight gain, acne, mood swings and changes in libido have been reported. Despite slower progress, non-hormonal male contraceptive methods, such as vas deferens obstruction methods, are currently undergoing clinical trials in some countries. Challenges such as lack of investment from the pharmaceutical industry, concerns about possible side effects, as well as issues of efficacy, reversibility and acceptability hinder the development and availability of new male contraceptive methods. However, their eventual availability could represent a crucial milestone in reducing the rates of unwanted pregnancies and a step towards reproductive justice and equity in family planning. However, until this happens, women will continue to be responsible for the burden of contraception, perpetuating the gender gap in family planning.
Description
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2024, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Keywords
Contraceção masculina Contraceção hormonal masculina Contraceção não hormonal masculina Planeamento familiar Saúde reprodutiva Mestrado Integrado - 2024