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Publication
A arquitectura da memória
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Abstract(s)
A maior parte da habitação colectiva contemporânea continua a ser projectada de acordo com normas modernas nas quais cada espaço tem uma forma e área pensados de modo a albergar uma função específica. É a habitação composta por espaços pré-determinados funcionalmente, que respondem a um número limitado de funções (confecção de comida, comer, dormir, trabalhar, lavar o corpo). Cada espaço dificilmente conseguirá suportar outra função senão aquela para o qual foi pensado. A habitação de espaços pré-determinados limita a possibilidade por parte do seu ocupante de interpretar os espaços, de ser este a atribuir-lhe um uso consoante as suas necessidades, de se apropriar da habitação.
Não há lugar para o espaço-perdido, para o imprevisto. Os modernos partem da certeza que as necessidades do ocupante são previsíveis - tanto os movimentos como os percursos estão estudados e limitados. No entanto, a única certeza que há é a da incerteza das futuras necessidades do ocupante da habitação colectiva.
A presente tese visa estudar o fenómeno na habitação colectiva da interactividade entre o espaço e o seu ocupante, através da análise da hierarquia de ordem e da hierarquia de área, e da criação de uma terceira hierarquia, que resulta da combinação das duas anteriores: a hierarquia espacial. Cada um destes índices contribui de maneira diferente para a hierarquia espacial: por ex., uma habitação que tenha uma hierarquia de ordem baixa pode não ser sinónimo de uma reduzida hierarquia espacial – se for composta por compartimentos que apresentam uma grande diferença de áreas entre o mais pequeno e o maior, ou seja, grandes dispersões relativamente à média das áreas, a sua hierarquia de área será elevada, aumentando o índice de hierarquia espacial. E vice-versa.
Quanto maior for a hierarquia espacial de uma habitação, menor será a sua potencialidade de interagir com o seu ocupante; pelo contrário, quanto menor for a hierarquia espacial, a habitação apresentará uma maior potencialidade de interagir com o seu ocupante.
Esta interactividade será então tanto maior quanto maior for o grau de interpretabilidade da arquitectura, que passa pela existência de espaços indeterminados a nível funcional, ambíguos, que interagem com todos os sentidos do corpo humano (e não só o da visão, ao contrário da arquitectura moderna, que fazia a apologia da forma), acomodando consequentemente a memória e a biografia espacial dos seus ocupantes. A habitação responsiva é a habitação formada por espaços interligados, que tanto se podem abrir uns para os outros como fecharem-se, com áreas que tendem para a homogeneidade.
Cada ocupante interpretará assim cada espaço à sua maneira, apropriando-se dele, atribuindo-lhe diferentes usos ao longo do Tempo. É este conceito alternativo de habitação responsiva que dará sustentabilidade à habitação, ao invés desta se tornar obsoleta para os seus ocupantes passados uns anos.
ABSTRACT: Most of contemporary housing offer is still marked by the understanding of the house as a machine, aimed at responding to a list of predetermined functions, focused on a given model of social fabric and of family structure and values which if coincident with statistical data (averages), hardly ever match the real people. The offer, at large, remains standing on the same rationale as decades ago: the Modern matrix of predetermined functional spaces, standing on the anticipation of user needs and operating by establishing predetermined roles to the habitable spaces in accordance to which compartment areas and internal articulations are set up. However, the only certainty that one can have is of the uncertainty of the future. Functionally predetermined housing does limit the occupant’s freedom to interpret, use and reorganize the space in accordance to his/hers ethos. And since it stands on a static understanding of the relationship between people and space, which tends to evolve in time, such housing holds an ever-shorter lifetime, quickly becoming disposable. Needs and usages are continuously evolving, thus asking for a very different approach to housing design and especially to mass housing design, whose inhabitants are unavoidably unknown to the architect. This thesis supports the view that the interaction between the user and the housing is of primary importance. This interaction will be studied through the analysis of different levels of hierarchy: hierarchy of order, hierarchy of area and through the creation of a new hierarchy, resulting from the combination of the previous two - the spatial hierarchy. Each of them contributes in a different way to the spatial hierarchy: if a given house has a low level of hierarchy of order, it doesn’t necessary mean that it will have a reduced spatial hierarchy: if it is composed by compartments that have a large difference in areas between the smallest and the largest, the house will present a high level of hierarchy of area, increasing the level of spatial hierarchy. The higher the spatial hierarchy in a house, the lower will be its capability of interacting with an occupant; on the contrary, with a low spatial hierarchy, the house will present a higher potential to interact with its occupant. The degree of interpretability of the space (given through the existence of polyvalent spaces, that were thought for the senses and which accomodate the spatial memory and biography of each inhabitant) will play an important role on the level of interactivity. The present thesis advocates that a higher level of sustainability can be achieved through a different approach, one that thinks the house not in terms of functional considerations, but through an interactive approach between the user and the space – the house is formed by interconnected spaces, functionally undetermined, with homogeneous areas, which allows the user to appropriate the space in accordance to his own purposes and interpretation within an interactive relationship between user and space. The spaces that form the house allow different interpretations through the passing of time - different users will give it a different use. This alternative “responsive housing” concept will be focused on allowing interactivity in the usage processes and will stand on the idea that functions are to be established through usage and not the other way around; housing sustainability can be achieved far more successfully with “responsive housing”.
ABSTRACT: Most of contemporary housing offer is still marked by the understanding of the house as a machine, aimed at responding to a list of predetermined functions, focused on a given model of social fabric and of family structure and values which if coincident with statistical data (averages), hardly ever match the real people. The offer, at large, remains standing on the same rationale as decades ago: the Modern matrix of predetermined functional spaces, standing on the anticipation of user needs and operating by establishing predetermined roles to the habitable spaces in accordance to which compartment areas and internal articulations are set up. However, the only certainty that one can have is of the uncertainty of the future. Functionally predetermined housing does limit the occupant’s freedom to interpret, use and reorganize the space in accordance to his/hers ethos. And since it stands on a static understanding of the relationship between people and space, which tends to evolve in time, such housing holds an ever-shorter lifetime, quickly becoming disposable. Needs and usages are continuously evolving, thus asking for a very different approach to housing design and especially to mass housing design, whose inhabitants are unavoidably unknown to the architect. This thesis supports the view that the interaction between the user and the housing is of primary importance. This interaction will be studied through the analysis of different levels of hierarchy: hierarchy of order, hierarchy of area and through the creation of a new hierarchy, resulting from the combination of the previous two - the spatial hierarchy. Each of them contributes in a different way to the spatial hierarchy: if a given house has a low level of hierarchy of order, it doesn’t necessary mean that it will have a reduced spatial hierarchy: if it is composed by compartments that have a large difference in areas between the smallest and the largest, the house will present a high level of hierarchy of area, increasing the level of spatial hierarchy. The higher the spatial hierarchy in a house, the lower will be its capability of interacting with an occupant; on the contrary, with a low spatial hierarchy, the house will present a higher potential to interact with its occupant. The degree of interpretability of the space (given through the existence of polyvalent spaces, that were thought for the senses and which accomodate the spatial memory and biography of each inhabitant) will play an important role on the level of interactivity. The present thesis advocates that a higher level of sustainability can be achieved through a different approach, one that thinks the house not in terms of functional considerations, but through an interactive approach between the user and the space – the house is formed by interconnected spaces, functionally undetermined, with homogeneous areas, which allows the user to appropriate the space in accordance to his own purposes and interpretation within an interactive relationship between user and space. The spaces that form the house allow different interpretations through the passing of time - different users will give it a different use. This alternative “responsive housing” concept will be focused on allowing interactivity in the usage processes and will stand on the idea that functions are to be established through usage and not the other way around; housing sustainability can be achieved far more successfully with “responsive housing”.
Description
Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Teoria e Prática do Projeto apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor.
Keywords
Interatividade Apropriação espacial Arquitetura da menória e dos sentidos Habitação coletiva Hierárquia espacial
Pedagogical Context
Citation
PINTO, Inês Anselmo Seixas da Veiga - A arquitectura da memória : um estudo acerca da interactividade entre o espaço da habitação colectiva e o seu ocupante. - Lisboa : FA, 2017. Tese de Doutoramento.
Publisher
Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura