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A responsabilidade internacional das e pelas empresas militares e de segurança privadas
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Abstract(s)
As Empresas Militares e de Segurança Privada (EMSP) tornaram-se atores não-estaduais omnipresentes em palco de conflito armado internacional. Todavia, o seu estatuto jurídico internacional, em particular o humanitário, está longe de ser claro, o que acarreta problemas no que concerne à sua responsabilidade internacional.
A falta generalizada de acusação e/ou de condenação dos funcionários de Empresas Militares Privadas suspeitos de cometer crimes punidos pelo Direito Internacional Público, porém, deve-se a dificuldades de implementação dos mecanismos jurídicos e judicias existentes, e não à inexistência de um Direito aplicável.
O chamado “vácuo legal” é meramente aparente, uma vez que há legislação efetivamente aplicável a estas questões, nomeadamente normas gerais de responsabilidade individual criminal, de Responsabilidade dos Estados e de estatutos humanitários, consolidadas nos ramos do Direito Internacional Público, do Direito Humanitário e do Direito da Responsabilidade Internacional (Responsabilidade dos Estados).
Private Military and Security Companies (PMSC) have become omnipresent non-State actors in international armed conflicts. However, their international legal status, particularly their humanitarian status, remains unclear, leading to problems when it comes to their international responsibility. Nonetheless, the general lack of prosecution of private contractors who have reportedly committed acts punishable under Public International Law is due to a deficient enforcement/implementation of existing legal and judicial mechanisms, rather than due to the lack of applicable Law. The so-called “legal vacuum” is merely apparent, as there is a number of international norms applicable in such cases, namely general rules on individual criminal responsibility, State Responsibility and humanitarian statuses, well-established under Public International Law, Humanitarian Law and the Law of International Responsibility (State Responsibility).
Private Military and Security Companies (PMSC) have become omnipresent non-State actors in international armed conflicts. However, their international legal status, particularly their humanitarian status, remains unclear, leading to problems when it comes to their international responsibility. Nonetheless, the general lack of prosecution of private contractors who have reportedly committed acts punishable under Public International Law is due to a deficient enforcement/implementation of existing legal and judicial mechanisms, rather than due to the lack of applicable Law. The so-called “legal vacuum” is merely apparent, as there is a number of international norms applicable in such cases, namely general rules on individual criminal responsibility, State Responsibility and humanitarian statuses, well-established under Public International Law, Humanitarian Law and the Law of International Responsibility (State Responsibility).
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Keywords
Direito internacional público Responsabilidade internacional Direitos humanos Segurança privada Responsabilidade internacional do Estado Teses de mestrado - 2014