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Resumo(s)
Contra um certo cepticismo acerca da noção de estatuto moral, apresento uma
concepção de estatuto moral relacionada com a permissibilidade de acções e defendo
a sua utilidade. Mostro que esta concepção admite graus de estatuto moral de um
modo compatível com a igual consideração de interesses. Depois, avalio dois
argumentos importantes para a atribuição de estatuto moral aos animais: o argumento
por analogia para a senciência animal e o Argumento dos Casos Marginais. De
acordo com o primeiro argumento, juntamente com a importância moral da
senciência, podemos inferir que pelo menos os mamíferos têm estatuto moral. De
acordo com o segundo, a posição especista que privilegia os humanos –
Antropocentrismo – é falsa: a quaisquer animais que não se distinguem
relevantemente de humanos aos quais reconhecemos estatuto moral, devemos
reconhecer um estatuto moral pelo menos equivalente. Para reforçar a conclusão de
que os animais têm estatuto moral, examino várias posições antropocentristas e
concluo que nenhuma é bem-sucedida. Por fim, esclareço o problema da
substituibilidade, segundo o qual o Utilitarismo implica que é permissível matar
animais, substituindo-os por outros, dadas certas condições aparentemente simples de
obter. Se o Utilitarismo tiver tal consequência, então é inadequado para proteger as
vidas dos indivíduos. Após considerar e rejeitar outras propostas para impedir a
substituibilidade, avanço e defendo uma nova proposta: o Utilitarismo de
Consequências Restritas.
Against a sceptical view about the notion of moral status, I present an account that relates such status with an action’s permissibility and defend its usefulness. It is shown that the account admits degrees of moral status as compatible with the equal consideration of interests. I then assess two significant arguments for attributing moral status to animals: the analogical argument for animal sentience and the Argument from Marginal Cases. According to the first argument, and given the moral significance of sentience, we can infer that mammals, at least, have moral status. According to the second, a speciesist view that privileges humans – Anthropocentrism – is false: whatever animals are relevantly like humans to which we recognise moral status, should also be recognised as having at least an equivalent moral status. To provide further support for animals’ moral status, I then examine several anthropocentric views and conclude that all fail. Lastly, I elucidate the problem of replaceability, which concerns Utilitarianism’s alleged implication that it is permissible to kill animals, if they are replaced by other animals, given certain conditions that seem easy to obtain. If Utilitarianism has this consequence, then it is inadequate to protect individuals’ lives. After considering and rejecting other proposals to block replaceability, I advance and defend a new proposal: Restricted Consequences Utilitarianism.
Against a sceptical view about the notion of moral status, I present an account that relates such status with an action’s permissibility and defend its usefulness. It is shown that the account admits degrees of moral status as compatible with the equal consideration of interests. I then assess two significant arguments for attributing moral status to animals: the analogical argument for animal sentience and the Argument from Marginal Cases. According to the first argument, and given the moral significance of sentience, we can infer that mammals, at least, have moral status. According to the second, a speciesist view that privileges humans – Anthropocentrism – is false: whatever animals are relevantly like humans to which we recognise moral status, should also be recognised as having at least an equivalent moral status. To provide further support for animals’ moral status, I then examine several anthropocentric views and conclude that all fail. Lastly, I elucidate the problem of replaceability, which concerns Utilitarianism’s alleged implication that it is permissible to kill animals, if they are replaced by other animals, given certain conditions that seem easy to obtain. If Utilitarianism has this consequence, then it is inadequate to protect individuals’ lives. After considering and rejecting other proposals to block replaceability, I advance and defend a new proposal: Restricted Consequences Utilitarianism.
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Palavras-chave
Animais - Aspectos morais Animais - Direitos Especismo Utilitarismo Sacrifício de animais Bem-estar Teses de doutoramento - 2020
