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Plantas e produtos de origem vegetal no tratamento da doença de Parkinson
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Nos últimos séculos houve uma grande evolução na saúde e uma crescente melhoria na
qualidade de vida, com um consequente aumento da esperança média de vida e, por sua vez,
um aumento da prevalência das doenças neurodegenerativas, como a doença de Parkinson.
A doença de Parkinson é uma doença neurodegenerativa, crónica e progressiva que se
caracteriza pela disfunção e, consequente perda seletiva dos neurónios dopaminérgicos da
substância nigra pars compacta, bem como, pela anormal acumulação de inclusões proteicas
de alfa-sinucleína, conhecidas como corpos de Lewy, nos neurónios sobreviventes.
Estão associados a esta doença sintomas característicos e muito restritivos como: o
tremor de repouso, a rigidez, a acinesia ou bradicinesia e a instabilidade postural.
Os fármacos convencionais fornecem um alívio sintomático limitado, com um elevado
número de reações adversas associadas e sem a capacidade de evitar a progressão da doença,
daí que os doentes recorram a terapias alternativas, onde se incluem as plantas medicinais.
Os produtos naturais concedem uma alternativa promissora, uma vez que a maior parte
dos metabolitos secundários das plantas apresentam efeitos moleculares ou farmacológicos
específicos com efeito neuro protetor na doença de Parkinson. Este efeito neuro protetor referese aos mecanismos envolvidos na proteção do sistema nervoso central contra as lesões
neuronais, preservando a integridade neuronal e a sua função, o qual só é possível devido a
capacidade de os componentes atravessarem a barreira hematoencefálica.
A presente revisão bibliográfica aborda três plantas medicinais designadas por:
Camellia sinensis e Curcuma longa, as quais apresentam como principais componentes a
epigalocatequina 3-galato e a curcumina I, respetivamente, bem como Ginkgo biloba, mais
especificamente o extrato de Ginkgo biloba 761. É a estes componentes e extracto que é
associada a maior parte das propriedades medicinais destas plantas que exercem a sua ação
neuro-protetora através de uma variedade de mecanismos biológicos, entre os quais: a atividade
anti-oxidante, a ação anti-quelante, a atividade anti-inflamatória, a modulação das vias de
sinalização celular e a inibição da alfa-agregação.
In recent years there has been a great evolution in health and a growing improvement in the quality of life, with a consequent increase in average life expectancy and, in turn, an increase in the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by dysfunction and consequent selective loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substance nigra pars compact, as well as the abnormal accumulation of alpha-sinuclein protein inclusions, known as Lewy's bodies, in surviving neurons. Characteristic and very restrictive symptoms are associated with this disease, such as: resting tremor, stiffness, akinesia or bradykinesia and postural instability. Conventional drugs provide limited symptomatic relief, with a high number of associated adverse reactions and without the ability to prevent disease progression, so patients resort to alternative therapies, including medicinal plants. Natural products provide a promising alternative, as most plant secondary metabolites have specific molecular or pharmacological effects with a neuro-protective effect on Parkinson's disease. This neuro protective effect refers to the mechanisms involved in protecting the central nervous system against neuronal lesions, preserving neuronal integrity and its function, which is only possible due to the ability of the components to cross the bloodbrain barrier. This literature review addresses three medicinal plants designated as: Camellia sinensis and Curcuma longa, which have as main components the epigallocatechin 3-gallate and curcumin I, respectively, as well as Ginkgo biloba, more specifically Ginkgo biloba 761 extract. It is to these components and extract that it is associated most of the medicinal properties of these plants that exert their neuro-protective action through a variety of biological mechanisms, among which: the anti-oxidant activity, the anti-chelating action, the anti-inflammatory activity, the modulation of the cell signaling pathways and the inhibition of alpha-aggregation.
In recent years there has been a great evolution in health and a growing improvement in the quality of life, with a consequent increase in average life expectancy and, in turn, an increase in the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by dysfunction and consequent selective loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substance nigra pars compact, as well as the abnormal accumulation of alpha-sinuclein protein inclusions, known as Lewy's bodies, in surviving neurons. Characteristic and very restrictive symptoms are associated with this disease, such as: resting tremor, stiffness, akinesia or bradykinesia and postural instability. Conventional drugs provide limited symptomatic relief, with a high number of associated adverse reactions and without the ability to prevent disease progression, so patients resort to alternative therapies, including medicinal plants. Natural products provide a promising alternative, as most plant secondary metabolites have specific molecular or pharmacological effects with a neuro-protective effect on Parkinson's disease. This neuro protective effect refers to the mechanisms involved in protecting the central nervous system against neuronal lesions, preserving neuronal integrity and its function, which is only possible due to the ability of the components to cross the bloodbrain barrier. This literature review addresses three medicinal plants designated as: Camellia sinensis and Curcuma longa, which have as main components the epigallocatechin 3-gallate and curcumin I, respectively, as well as Ginkgo biloba, more specifically Ginkgo biloba 761 extract. It is to these components and extract that it is associated most of the medicinal properties of these plants that exert their neuro-protective action through a variety of biological mechanisms, among which: the anti-oxidant activity, the anti-chelating action, the anti-inflammatory activity, the modulation of the cell signaling pathways and the inhibition of alpha-aggregation.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2020, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Doença de Parkinson Tratamento Camellia sinensis Ginkgo biloba Curcuma longa Mestrado integrado - 2020