Loading...
Publication
Immunopathology in COVID-19
| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.18 MB | Adobe PDF |
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Desde dezembro do ano de 2019 que o mundo enfrenta uma crise de saúde pública, por
muitos nunca antes experienciada. O novo Coronavírus – SARS-CoV-2 – veio dar origem à
COVID-19, infeção que se demonstrou sem percedentes e heterogénea nas suas manifestações.
Tendo em conta o impacto que este vírus tem tido na vida da população a nível mundial e a
facilidade com que é transmitido, revelou-se essencial compreender os mecanismos pelos quais
a infeção se procede, bem como os seus principais intervenientes.
A imunopatologia assume um papel relevante na progressão desta doença e no
desenvovlimento das manifestações mais graves. A evasão do vírus à resposta antiviral
primária pode levar a uma exacerbação da resposta imunitária, caracterizada por uma extensa
libertação de citocinas pro-inflamatórias, linfopénia e elevação dos marcadores de coagulação.
Os sintomas respiratórios são os mais comuns nesta infeção, podendo variar de intensidade
entre os vários individuos: desde uma simples rinorreia com tosse ligeira ao desenvolvimento
de quadros de pneumonia grave ou síndrome agudo de insuficiência respiratório (ARDS), nos
casos mais severos. Para além disso, a expressão disseminada do recetor do vírus, a enzima
conversora da angiotensina tipo 2 (ACE2), permite a progressão da infeção pelos vários
sistemas de órgãos, podendo levar a um estado de inflamação disseminada e falha múltipla de
órgãos.
Assim, esta monografia pretende explorar os vários acontecimentos característicos do
decorrer da infeção, seguindo o percurso natural da mesma pelo organismo humano. Serão
descriminados os principais intervenientes na imunopatologia da COVID-19, bem como as
manifestações clínicas resultantes dos vários estadios da infeção.
De momento, não existem terapêuticas antivirais para combater o vírus. O
desenvolvimento de vacinas que atenuem os sintomas da doença e que reduzam a
transmissibilidade do vírus tem sido amplamente impulsionado, enfrentando, no entanto, o
desafio que se impõe com o aparecimento de novas variantes do vírus. É importante estarmos
conscientes que as terapêuticas anti-inflamatórias terão um grande impacto no controlo desta
doença, mesmo que a imunopatologia se perspetive como uma situação rara após a vacinação
de toda a população.
Since December 2019, the world has been facing a public health crisis that many have never experienced before. The new Coronavirus – SARS-CoV-2 – gave rise to COVID-19, an infection that proved to be without precedent and heterogeneous in its manifestations. Taking into account the impact that this virus has had on so many lives and the ease of transmission from person to person, it is essential to understand the mechanisms by which the infection proceeds, as well as its main elements. The immunopathology plays an important role in the progression of this disease and in the development of the most severe manifestations. Virus evasion of the primary antiviral response can lead to an exacerbation of the immune response, characterized by an extensive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, lymphopenia and elevation of coagulation markers. Respiratory symptoms are the most common in this infection and may vary in intensity among patients: from a simple rhinorrhea with a slight cough to the development of severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), in the worst cases. Furthermore, the widespread expression of the virus receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), allows the progression of the infection through various organ systems, which may lead to a state of widespread inflammation and multiple organ failure. Thus, this monograph intends to explore the various events that characterize this infection, following its natural course through the human body. The main components in the immunopathology of COVID-19 will be discriminated, as well as the clinical manifestations resulting from the various stages of the infection. There are currently no antiviral therapies to eliminate the virus. The development of vaccines that alleviate the symptoms of the disease and reduce the transmissibility of the virus has been widely promoted, facing, however, the challenge imposed by the emergence of new variants of the virus. It is important to be aware that anti-inflammatory therapies will have a great impact on the control of this disease, even though immunopathology may become a rare situation after vaccination of the entire population.
Since December 2019, the world has been facing a public health crisis that many have never experienced before. The new Coronavirus – SARS-CoV-2 – gave rise to COVID-19, an infection that proved to be without precedent and heterogeneous in its manifestations. Taking into account the impact that this virus has had on so many lives and the ease of transmission from person to person, it is essential to understand the mechanisms by which the infection proceeds, as well as its main elements. The immunopathology plays an important role in the progression of this disease and in the development of the most severe manifestations. Virus evasion of the primary antiviral response can lead to an exacerbation of the immune response, characterized by an extensive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, lymphopenia and elevation of coagulation markers. Respiratory symptoms are the most common in this infection and may vary in intensity among patients: from a simple rhinorrhea with a slight cough to the development of severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), in the worst cases. Furthermore, the widespread expression of the virus receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), allows the progression of the infection through various organ systems, which may lead to a state of widespread inflammation and multiple organ failure. Thus, this monograph intends to explore the various events that characterize this infection, following its natural course through the human body. The main components in the immunopathology of COVID-19 will be discriminated, as well as the clinical manifestations resulting from the various stages of the infection. There are currently no antiviral therapies to eliminate the virus. The development of vaccines that alleviate the symptoms of the disease and reduce the transmissibility of the virus has been widely promoted, facing, however, the challenge imposed by the emergence of new variants of the virus. It is important to be aware that anti-inflammatory therapies will have a great impact on the control of this disease, even though immunopathology may become a rare situation after vaccination of the entire population.
Description
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2021, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Keywords
Imunopatologia SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2 Hiper-inflamação Mestrado integrado - 2021