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Seringueiros da Amazônia em perigo: Um olhar etnográfico sobre o futuro da reserva Cazumbá-Iracema, Brasil
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Esta dissertação de mestrado em antropologia se insere no debate sobre "florestas com história" e "florestas com gente". A pesquisa investiga a complexa realidade da Reserva Extrativista Cazumbá-Iracema (RESEX), no Acre, Amazônia brasileira, onde vivem 470 famílias, em uma área de 750.794 hectares de floresta. Explora as dinâmicas socioculturais de um grupo comunitário que, ao manter sua identidade de "seringueiros", enfrenta desafios que transcendem a mera extração da borracha. Através de imersões etnográficas em 2023 e 2025, foram entrevistados moradores e outros atores que estudam formas de manutenção dos "povos-floresta”, como professores, antropólogos e empreendedores. O objetivo foi captar percepções sobre o presente e o futuro desta reserva. A pesquisa bibliográfica complementa a análise empírica, dialogando com conceitos como simbiose e mutualismo, habitar um ambiente, reciprocidade e interdependência, Deep Ecology, interação entre seres e a denúncia da floresta em chamas. Esses referenciais teóricos permitem uma compreensão mais profunda das redes de dependência e coexistência que caracterizam a vida na floresta habitada. A análise revela a urgência de enfrentar as dificuldades vividas pelos 13 núcleos comunitários da Cazumbá e a necessidade em diversificar atividades para garantir o seu sustento, em um contexto marcado pela precariedade da infraestrutura e a falta de novas lideranças. De igual forma, parte da população jovem almeja migrar para os centros urbanos. Sem a qualificação da educação e a criação de oportunidades, a Cazumbá corre o risco de se tornar desabitada, o que a tornaria mais vulnerável ao desmatamento e outras formas de exploração predatória. Esta dissertação destaca a necessidade de construir um futuro sustentável que equilibre desenvolvimento econômico, preservação cultural e conservação ambiental, reforçando a ideia de que a floresta é, antes de tudo, um espaço de vida e de relações simbióticas.
This master's dissertation in anthropology contributes to the debate on "forests with history" and "forests with people". The research investigates the complex reality of the Cazumbá-Iracema Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Acre, Brazilian Amazon, where 470 families live in an area of 750,794 hectares of forest. It explores the sociocultural dynamics of a community group that, while maintaining their identity as "rubber tappers," faces challenges that transcend mere rubber extraction. The analysis addresses the absence of public policies, where young people's desire to seek new opportunities outside the forest, and the impacts of technology on traditional practices and knowledge. Through ethnographic immersions in 2023 and 2025, social actors were interviewed, including residents and actors who study ways of maintaining "forest peoples", such as teachers, anthropologists, and entrepreneurs. The objective was to capture their perspectives on the present and future of the reserve. Bibliographic research complements the empirical analysis, engaging with concepts such as symbiosis and mutualism, dwelling in an environment, reciprocity and interdependence, Deep Ecology, interaction, between beings, and the denunciation of the burning forest. These theoretical frameworks allow for a deeper understanding of the networks of dependency and coexistence that characterize life in an inhabited forest. The analysis reveals the urgency of addressing the difficulties experienced by the 13 community nuclei of Cazumbá and the need for rubber tappers to diversify their activities to ensure their livelihood, in a context marked by precarious infrastructure and lack of new leadership. As evidenced, part of the young population aspires to migrate to urban centers. Without educational qualification and the creation of opportunities, Cazumbá risks becoming uninhabited, which would make it more vulnerable to deforestation and other forms of predatory exploitation. This dissertation highlights the need to build a sustainable future that balances development, cultural preservation, and environmental conservation, reinforcing the idea that the forest is, above all, a space of life and symbiotic relationships.
This master's dissertation in anthropology contributes to the debate on "forests with history" and "forests with people". The research investigates the complex reality of the Cazumbá-Iracema Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Acre, Brazilian Amazon, where 470 families live in an area of 750,794 hectares of forest. It explores the sociocultural dynamics of a community group that, while maintaining their identity as "rubber tappers," faces challenges that transcend mere rubber extraction. The analysis addresses the absence of public policies, where young people's desire to seek new opportunities outside the forest, and the impacts of technology on traditional practices and knowledge. Through ethnographic immersions in 2023 and 2025, social actors were interviewed, including residents and actors who study ways of maintaining "forest peoples", such as teachers, anthropologists, and entrepreneurs. The objective was to capture their perspectives on the present and future of the reserve. Bibliographic research complements the empirical analysis, engaging with concepts such as symbiosis and mutualism, dwelling in an environment, reciprocity and interdependence, Deep Ecology, interaction, between beings, and the denunciation of the burning forest. These theoretical frameworks allow for a deeper understanding of the networks of dependency and coexistence that characterize life in an inhabited forest. The analysis reveals the urgency of addressing the difficulties experienced by the 13 community nuclei of Cazumbá and the need for rubber tappers to diversify their activities to ensure their livelihood, in a context marked by precarious infrastructure and lack of new leadership. As evidenced, part of the young population aspires to migrate to urban centers. Without educational qualification and the creation of opportunities, Cazumbá risks becoming uninhabited, which would make it more vulnerable to deforestation and other forms of predatory exploitation. This dissertation highlights the need to build a sustainable future that balances development, cultural preservation, and environmental conservation, reinforcing the idea that the forest is, above all, a space of life and symbiotic relationships.
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Seringueiros Amazônia RESEX Cazumbá desenvolvimento sustentável povos da floresta Rubber tappers Amazon Extractives Reserves Cazumbá sustainable development forest people