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Who is reporting non-native species and how? A cross-expert assessment of practices and drivers of non-native biodiversity reporting in species regional listing
Publication . Castro, Andry; Ribeiro, Joana; Reino, Luís; Capinha, César
Each year, hundreds of scientific works with species' geographical data are published.
However, these data can be challenging to identify, collect, and integrate into analytical
workflows due to differences in reporting structures, storage formats, and the
omission or inconsistency of relevant information and terminology. These difficulties
tend to be aggravated for non-native
species, given varying attitudes toward non-native
species reporting and the existence of an additional layer of invasion-related
terminology. Thus, our objective is to identify the current practices and drivers of the
geographical reporting of non-native
species in the scientific literature. We conducted
an online survey targeting authors of species regional checklists—a
widely published
source of biogeographical data—where
we asked about reporting habits and perceptions
regarding non-native
taxa. The responses and the relationships between response
variables and predictors were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ordinal
logistic regression models. With a response rate of 22.4% (n = 113), we found that
nearly half of respondents (45.5%) do not always report non-native
taxa, and of those
who report, many (44.7%) do not always differentiate them from native taxa. Close
to half of respondents (46.4%) also view the terminology of biological invasions as an
obstacle to the reporting of non-native
taxa. The ways in which checklist information
is provided are varied, but mainly correspond to descriptive text and embedded tables
with non-native
species (when given) mentioned alongside native species. Only 13.4%
of respondents mention to always provide the data in automation-friendly
formats or
its publication in biodiversity data repositories. Data on the distribution of non-native
species are essential for monitoring global biodiversity change and preventing biological
invasions. Despite its importance our results show an urgent need to improve the
frequency, accessibility, and consistency of publication of these data.
Impacts of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the global demand for exotic pets: An expert elicitation approach
Publication . Ribeiro, J.; Araújo, M.B.; Santana, J.; Strubbe, D.; Vaz, A.S.; Reino, L.
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused immense social and economic costs worldwide. Most experts
endorse the view that the virus has a zoonotic origin with the final spillover being associated
with wildlife trade. Besides human consumption, wild animals are also extensively traded as pets.
Information on zoonotic diseases has been reported to reduce consumer demand for exotic pets.
We conducted a global survey and collected 162 responses from international experts on exotic
pet trade (traders, academics, NGOs, enforcement entities) to understand how the legal and illegal
trade of exotic pets is expected to be affected by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Our results
suggest that legal purchase of exotic pets is perceived as decreasing during the first pandemic
wave due to: lower availability of animals for trade, suppliers’ inability to reach consumers and
social distancing measures. The general perception is that in the future (i.e., next five years), both
demand and supply of legally traded exotic pets are expected to either remain unchanged or
decrease only temporarily. The consumer demand for illegal exotic pets is also expected to remain
unchanged following the outbreak. The top two challenges reported by respondents, when
considering the consequences of the pandemic for the exotic pet trade, are inadequate enforcement
of national regulations and increased illegal trade. Our results suggest that the negative
consequences of a zoonotic outbreak may not dissuade consumers of exotic pets. Worldwide, the
transit/storing conditions and lack of health screenings of traded live animals are conducive to
spreading diseases. Consumer demand is a key driver of trade, and enforcement of trade regulations
will remain challenging, unless factors driving consumer demand are adequately incorporated
in problem-solving frameworks. We emphasize the complexity of trade dynamics and the
need to go beyond bans on wildlife trade. Stronger law enforcement, implemented along with
initiatives dissuading consumption of wild exotic pets, are essential to sustainably satisfy the
market demand
Negative and positive impacts of alien macrofungi: a global scale database
Publication . Monteiro, Miguel; Capinha, César; Ferreira, Maria Teresa; Nuñez, Martin A.; Reino, Luís
Advances in ecological research during the last decades have led to an improved understanding of the
impacts of alien species. Despite that, the effects of alien macrofungi have often received little attention
and are still poorly understood. With the aim of reducing this knowledge gap, we compiled a database of
the recorded socio-economic and environmental impacts of alien macrofungi. This database was compiled
from all relevant sources we could identify, through an exhaustive literature review, considering the
identity of known alien taxa and explicit indications of impacts of any kind. In total, 1440 records of both
negative and positive impacts were collected for 374 distinct species in different regions of all continents,
except Antarctica. The most frequently recorded impacts are related to the mutualistic interactions that
these fungi can form with their host plants. In total 47.8% of all records refer to the indirect negative
effect of these interactions, by facilitating the colonization of invasive plants, while 38.5% refer to their
positive contribution to the growth of forestry species. Less frequently recorded negative impacts included
ectomycorrhizal interactions with native plants, plant pathogenicity and human poisoning after ingestion.
Additional positive impacts include the use as a food source by native species and human populations and commercial exploitation. Alien macrofungi are an increasingly prevalent component of human-
dominated ecosystems, having a diverse array of negative and positive impacts on native biota and human
population. Our database provided a first step towards the quantification and mapping of these impacts.
Vacant niches help predict invasion risk by birds
Publication . González-del-Pliego, Pamela; Mendoza, Manuel; Santana, Joana; Ribeiro, Joana; Reino, Luís; Araújo, Miguel B.
Aim: If communities have a ceiling determining the number of species that can coexist,
then the ability of alien species to establish at any given location should be related to
the quantity of vacant niches available. We developed a new approach to estimate the
extent to which niches are vacant and then explored the relationship between vacant
niches and alien species.
Location: Global with focal tests in Europe and North America.
Taxon: Birds.
Methods: Drawing on a global classification of trophic structures for birds, we cal-
culated a ‘vacant niche ratio’ metric to quantify the expected level of saturation (i.e.
number of vacant niches) for each 1° × 1° grid cell globally, based on the difference
between expected and observed numbers of bird species for all trophic guilds. Next,
we used random forests to examine if the presence of plant-invertivore (whose food
source represents plants, seeds, fruits and invertebrates) and granivore alien bird spe-
cies was associated with the vacant niche ratio across well-sampled regions.
Results: In Europe, we found a significant relationship between alien species and vacant
niches, with greater numbers of alien species being found in communities that offered
greater numbers of vacant niches overall, and across habitat types. In North America, we
found no significant relationship between plant-invertivores and vacant niches, while for
granivores, we found that areas with fewer vacant niches had greater numbers of alien
species, especially in forests. However, vacant niches alone correctly predict 69% of the
presence of alien bird species when combining both regions and trophic guilds.
Main Conclusions: Most regions of the world have unsaturated bird communities,
with the level of saturation in communities varying within regions and trophic guilds.
We found that although often-neglected, vacant niches are likely to be, at least par-
tially, related with the successful establishment of alien bird species.
Biogeography and global flows of 100 major alien fungal and fungus-like oomycete pathogens
Publication . Schertler, Anna; Lenzner, Bernd; Dullinger, Stefan; Moser, Dietmar; Bufford, Jennifer L.; Ghelardini, Luisa; Santini, Alberto; Capinha, César; Monteiro, Miguel; Reino, Luís; Wingfield, Michael J.; Seebens, Hanno; Thines, Marco; Wayne Dawson, Wayne Dawson; Kleunen, Mark van; Kreft, Holger; Pergl, Jan; Pyšek, Petr; Weigelt, Patrick; Winter, Marten; Essl, Franz
Aim: Spreading infectious diseases associated with introduced pathogens can have devastating effects on native biota and human livelihoods. We analyse the global distribution of 100 major alien fungal and oomycete pathogens with substantial socio-economic and environmental impacts and examine their taxonomy, ecological characteristics, temporal accumulation trajectories, regional hot- and coldspots of taxon richness and taxon flows between continents. Location: Global. Taxon: Alien/cryptogenic fungi and fungus-like oomycetes, pathogenic to plants or animals. Methods: To identify over/underrepresented classes and phyla, we performed Chi2 tests of independence. To describe spatial patterns, we calculated the region-wise richness and identified hot- and coldspots, defined as residuals after correcting taxon richness for region area and sampling effort via a quasi-Poisson regression. We examined the relationship with environmental and socio-economic drivers with a multiple linear regression and evaluated a potential island effect. Regional first records were pooled over 20-year periods, and for global flows the links between the native range to the alien regions were mapped. Results: Peronosporomycetes (Oomycota) were overrepresented among taxa and regional taxon richness was positively correlated with area and sampling effort. While no island effect was found, likely due to host limitations, hotspots were correlated with human modification of terrestrial land, per capita gross domestic product, temperate and tropical forest biomes, and orobiomes. Regional first records have increased steeply in recent decades. While Europe and Northern America were major recipients, about half of the taxa originate from Asia. Main Conclusions: We highlight the putative importance of anthropogenic drivers, such as land use providing a conducive environment, contact opportunities and susceptible hosts, as well as economic wealth likely increasing colonisation pressure. While most taxa were associated with socio-economic impacts, possibly partly due to a bias in research focus, about a third show substantial impacts to both socio-economy and the environment, underscoring the importance of maintaining a wholescale perspective across natural and managed systems.
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Entidade financiadora
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Programa de financiamento
3599-PPCDT
Número da atribuição
PTDC/BIA-ECO/0207/2020