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- Burden of disease and cost of illness of atrial fibrillation in PortugalPublication . Gouveia, Miguel; Costa, João; Alarcão, Joana; Augusto, Margarida; Caldeira, Daniel; Pinheiro, Luís; Carneiro, António Vaz; Borges, MargaridaIntroduction and Objectives: Atrial fibrillation is the most prevalent sustained arrhythmia. This paper estimates the burden and cost of illness attributable to atrial fibrillation in Portugal based on demographic and health statistics. Methods: Mortality data by cause of death came from the European Detailed Mortality Database of the World Health Organization (WHO). Hospital data were taken from the Portuguese diagnosis-related groups database. The burden of disease was measured using DALYs (disability-adjusted life years), a metric adopted by the WHO. Costs studied included resource use and lost productivity. The burden and cost of illness are those attributable to atrial fibrillation and its main complication, ischemic stroke. Results: In Portugal, 4070 deaths were attributable to atrial fibrillation in 2010, corresponding to 3.8% of all deaths. In total, the burden of disease attributable to atrial fibrillation was estimated at 23 084 DALYs: 10 521 resulting from premature deaths (1.7% of the total DALYs due to death in 2010 in Portugal), and 12 563 resulting from disability. The total estimated direct costs attributable to atrial fibrillation at 2013 prices were 115 MD (million euros): 34 MD for inpatient care and 81 MD for outpatient care. Indirect costs resulting from lost production due to disability were estimated at 25 MD. Conclusions: Atrial fibrillation has an important social impact in Portugal due to its associated mortality and morbidity, and was responsible in 2013 for a total cost of 140 MD , about 0.08% of gross domestic product.
- Anticoagulation therapy in patients with post-operative atrial fibrillation: systematic review with meta-analysisPublication . Neves, Inês Antunes; Magalhaes, Andreia; Lima da Silva, Gustavo; Almeida, Ana G.; Borges, Margarida; Costa, João; Ferreira, Joaquim J; Pinto, Fausto J.; Caldeira, DanielBackground: Post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a relevant complication after surgery. Several studies have shown that POAF has important consequences for long-term morbidity and mortality, by increasing the risk of thromboembolic events. However, the use of oral anticoagulation (OAC) is not well established in this context. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PsycInfo and Web of Science for clinical trials and observational studies evaluating anticoagulation vs. no anticoagulation in patients with POAF (after cardiac or non-cardiac surgery). Data were screened and extracted by two independent reviewers. We performed a random- effects model to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI), and heterogeneity was evaluated by I2 statistics. The outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality, thromboembolic events, and bleeding events. Results: Overall, 10 observational retrospective studies were included: 5 studies with 203,946 cardiac surgery POAF patients, and 5 studies with 29,566 patients with POAF after non-cardiac surgery. In cardiac surgery POAF, the OAC use was associated with lower risk of thromboembolic events (OR 0.68; 95%CI 0.47-0.96, I2 = 31%; 4 studies) and the bleeding risk was significantly increased (OR 4.30; 95%CI 3.69 to 5.02, 1 study). In non-cardiac surgery POAF, OAC did not significantly reduce the risk of thromboembolic events (OR 0.71, 95%CI 0.33-1.15; I2 = 79%; 5 studies) but was associated with increased risk of bleeding (OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.10-1.32, I2 = 0%; 3 studies). Mortality was not significantly reduced in both cardiac and non-cardiac surgery POAF. Conclusion: Oral anticoagulation was associated with a lower risk of thromboembolic events in patients with POAF following cardiac surgery but not in non-cardiac surgery. Bleeding risk was increased in both settings. The confidence on pooled results is at most low, and further data, namely randomized controlled trials are necessary to derive robust conclusions.
- Custo‐efetividade dos novos anticoagulantes orais na fibrilhação auricular em PortugalPublication . Costa, João; Fiorentino, Francesca; Caldeira, Daniel; Inês, Mónica; Pereira, Catarina Lopes; Pinheiro, Luís; Carneiro, António Vaz; Borges, Margarida; Gouveia, MiguelIntroduction and Objectives: Recently, three novel non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants received approval for reimbursement in Portugal for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). It is therefore important to evaluate the relative cost-effectiveness of these new oral anticoagulants in Portuguese AF patients. Methods: A Markov model was used to analyze disease progression over a lifetime horizon. Relative efficacy data for stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic), bleeding (intracranial, other major bleeding and clinically relevant non-major bleeding), myocardial infarction and treatment discontinuation were obtained by pairwise indirect comparisons between apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban using warfarin as a common comparator. Data on resource use were obtained from the database of diagnosis-related groups and an expert panel. Model outputs included life years gained, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), direct healthcare costs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Results: Apixaban provided the most life years gained and QALYs. The ICERs of apixaban compared to warfarin and dabigatran were D 5529/QALY and D 9163/QALY, respectively. Apixaban was dominant over rivaroxaban (greater health gains and lower costs). The results were robust over a wide range of inputs in sensitivity analyses. Apixaban had a 70% probability of being cost-effective (at a threshold of D 20 000/QALY) compared to all the other therapeutic options. Conclusions: Apixaban is a cost-effective alternative to warfarin and dabigatran and is dominant over rivaroxaban in AF patients from the perspective of the Portuguese national healthcare system. These conclusions are based on indirect comparisons, but despite this limitation, the information is useful for healthcare decision-makers.