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- Aplicativos de contact tracing na pandemia de covid-19 e os direitos humanos digitais em PortugalPublication . de Andrade e Silva Forte dos Santos, NiedjaO artigo teve por objeto a análise jurídica da implementação dos aplicativos de contact tracing durante a pandemia de covid-19 em Portugal à luz da legislação em torno dos direitos humanos digitais vigente no país, inclusive a novel Carta Portuguesa de Direitos Humanos na Era Digital, em vigência desde julho de 2021. O principal método de pesquisa utilizado foi a revisão bibliográfica de artigos académicos indexados internacionalmente e a análise de conteúdo de instrumentos legislativos de Portugal e da União Europeia. Também incluiu a revisão bibliográfica de notícias sobre a pandemia e a covid-19 veiculadas sobretudo na Europa. Como um dos maiores desafios de saúde pública impostos à sociedade internacional na era corrente, o controle da disseminação da covid-19 demandou uma ampla gama de medidas. Entre estas, ganharam destaque os aplicativos de busca de comunicante. Alguns dos primeiros países a enfrentar a pandemia, sobretudo na Ásia, apontaram o papel fulcral de tais tecnologias na contenção da transmissão da enfermidade. Entretanto, a eficácia depende da adesão generalizada, somente realizável com o uso mandatório. Neste caso, além das críticas político-sociais relacionadas ao solucionismo tecnológico, emergem considerações relativas aos direitos fundamentais. Analisando o cenário português, semelhante ao de muitos outros países ocidentais, inclusive o Brasil, o artigo contribui com o debate acadêmico visando o uso da tecnologia não apenas durante a pandemia de covid-19, mas em futuros cenários de emergência sanitária, nomeadamente surtos, epidemias e pandemias a serem enfrentados pela humanidade.
- The Interplay of Soft Power and Sharp Power in Sport Diplomacy: A Conceptual FrameworkPublication . de Andrade e Silva Forte dos Santos, NiedjaThis paper aims to deliver a conceptual framework for further studies on the analysis of soft power and sharp power within sport diplomacy. Developed from the international relations perspective, the research is framed by the neoliberal institutionalism theory and public diplomacy notion. The traditional literature review builds up the research design. Concepts of soft power, sharp power, and sport diplomacy are operationalized and underpins the analytical framework which is an outcome of this study and can support future developments. Besides indicating paths for further research, the conclusion summarizes how sport diplomacy has integrated actors, tactics, and tools, as well as resources of soft and sharp power making the interplay of them within sport diplomacy.
- Entre soft power e sharp power: A diplomacia pública da China durante o combate à pandemia de COVID-19Publication . Santos, Niedja De Andrade E Silva Forte Dos; Balão, Sandra Maria RodriguesThe research aims to identify how China articulated soft and sharp power while fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. The main argument is that the articulation be tween soft and sharp power is an inherent characteristic of Chinese public diplo macy. This argument features soft power as a power style operating not only in the international dimension, but also in the domestic dimension. After China’s contex tualization, the analytical matrix was built from the operationalization of key con cepts, namely public diplomacy, soft power and sharp power, paying attention to Chinese characteristics. The case study was led with data collected from primary and secondary sources. Besides the indication of paths for future developments, the conclusion summarizes how Chinese public diplomacy managed soft and sharp power with positive results in the international sphere and suggests that incorporat ing sharp power to diplomatic toolbox may be useful.
- Multi-level governance tackling the COVID-19 pandemic in ChinaPublication . de Andrade e Silva Forte dos Santos, NiedjaThis paper investigates China’s leadership over intergovernmental and private actions in tackling the COVID-19 pandemic and identifies sectors, levels, and roles played. The main argument is that successful control over the pandemic depends on effective and integrated leadership at different levels. The conceptual, theoretical, and analytical framework is given by the multi-level governance theory. Through a case study, the actions adopted in China (n = 374) were mapped from reports issued by the Chinese government, the World Health Organization, and media information. Content analysis was adopted to categorize data. Quantitative and qualitative findings show different roles of actors, as well as usefulness of the multi-level governance to provide fast and complex responses required during the pandemic. In the last section, the conclusion and recommendations for future research are addressed. The lack of studies on the application of multi-level governance in non-democratic regimes especially during a pandemic indicates the relevance and contribution of this study to the literature.