CFCUL - Artigos em Revistas Internacionais
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- Acções auto-derrotadorasPublication . Zilhão, AntónioAccording to a widely held view, the traits that are supposed to set our mind and the actions it originates apart from other animal minds and behaviours are the pursuit of global maximization and strategic planning. These two traits are, however, deemed to be only imperfectly realized in us by theoreticians such as Elster and Ainslie. Qua global maximizers, the pattern of our time preferences should instantiate some exponential discount function of the future. But our instinctive time preferences seem to instantiate a hyperbolic one. Acting in agreement with a hyperbolic discount function is self-defeating. Being aware of our own imperfection, we are supposed, according to these authors, to have developed indirect means allowing us to overcome our primary inconsistency. I contend that the domain of non-pathological self-defeating action is much broader than the domain that admits being explained in terms of the alleged hyperbolic pattern characterizing our discount function and that therefore we need to develop a more inclusive approach to deal with the problem of self-defeating action.
- An analog-digital Church-Turing thesisPublication . Beggs, Edwin; Costa, José Félix; Tucker, John V.; Poças, Diogo
- Antlitzverluste. Zum kritischen Posthumanismus des GesichtsPublication . Gerner, AlexanderIst das Gesicht ein verdichtetes Bild des Menschen, das es vom Antlitz her zu entziffern gilt? Haben wir dem Gesicht als Antlitz im Sinne von Emmanuel Lévinas bereits genug Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt? Diese Fragen stellen sich nicht nur angesichts der Begegnung zweier Gesichter als elementares soziales Ereignis, für das der gegenseitige An- und Gegenblick zentral ist, sondern auch in Ansehung posthumanistischer Befragungen der Menschlichkeit des Angesichts und eines durch die Maschinen und Medien provozierten Antlitzverlustes.//Is the face a condensed image of man, which must be deciphered from the face ? Have we already paid enough attention to the face as a face in the sense of Emmanuel Lévinas? These questions arise not only in view of the meeting of two faces as an elementary social event, for which the mutual look at and opposition to each other is central, but also in view of posthumanist questioning of the humanity of the face and a "loss of face-to-face" provoked by the machines and media.
- Are Our Brains Subcutaneous Machines of Truth-Optimization?Publication . Zilhão, AntónioStrategies purporting to determine the meaning of inner states of belief-content in terms of their inferential role usually assume the inner structure of the human inferential competence to be that of first order logic plus identity. Considerations of computational complexity and cumbersomeness of representation tend to undermine the plausibility of combining such strategies with this assumption. In this paper I contend that appealing to rules of default reasoning won’t make things turn out any better for the inferential role functionalist.
- Astrobiology, The Way ForwardPublication . Gontier, Nathalie
- Cartes, objets, installations : le problème de l’art dans la pensée et dans la pratique de Fernand DelignyPublication . Miguel, MarlonParler de l’art à propos des pratiques de Fernand Deligny est aussi ambigu que parler de clinique ou de pédagogie. Ses différentes expérimentations – avec des délinquants, des psychotiques, des autistes – se sont emparées de certains outils et dispositifs qui sont sans doute artistiques. Toutefois, d’une part, Deligny n’a jamais voulu intégrer le milieu ou l’institution de l’art, et, d’autre part, hormis l’activité littéraire, l’écriture, souvent ce n’était pas lui qui avait affaire direc¬tement au “faire” artistique, aux activités et outils artistiques à proprement parler. Il serait plus juste peut-être de dire que ses expérimentations cliniques, sociales et pédagogiques sont tra¬versées par des pratiques artistiques, de la même manière qu’elles sont traversées par des réflexions anthropologiques, philosophiques et politiques. Je propose dans cet article de suivre les mouvements de la pensée de Deligny concernant sa perception de l’art et la manière dont celle-ci se rapporte à une activité située et à une conception non-évolutionniste et non-institutionnelle.
- Classifying the computational power of stochastic physical oraclesPublication . Beggs, Edwin; Cortez, Pedro; Costa, José Félix; Tucker, John V.Consider a computability and complexity theory in which the classical set-theoretic oracle to a Turing machine is replaced by a physical process, and oracle queries return measurements of physical behaviour. The idea of such physical oracles is relevant to many disparate situations, but research has focussed on physical oracles that were classic deterministic experiments which measure physical quantities. In this paper, we broaden the scope of the theory of physical oracles by tackling non-deterministic systems. We examine examples of three types of non-determinism, namely systems that are: (1) physically nondeterministic, as in quantum phenomena; (2) physically deterministic but whose physical theory is non-deterministic, as in statistical mechanics; and (3) physically deterministic but whose computational theory is non-deterministic caused by error margins. Physical oracles that have probabilistic theories we call stochastic physical oracles. We propose a set SPO of axioms for a basic form of stochastic oracles. We prove that Turing machines equipped with a physical oracle satisfying the axioms SPO compute precisely the non-uniform complexity class BPP//log* in polynomial time. This result of BPP/log* is a computational limit to a great range of classical and non-classical measurement, and of analogue-digital computation in polynomial time under general conditions.
- Cognition and Rationality: Writing straight with crooked lines?Publication . Zilhão, AntónioFour different approaches dominate the modern discussion around the topic of how best to define human rationality. These are the following: 1) Unbounded Rationality (UR); 2) Optimization under Constraints (OuC); 3) Heuristics and Biases (H&B); 4) Ecological Rationality (ER). Typically, proponents of approaches 3) and 4) criticize the models put forth by the proponents of approaches 1) and 2) for their cognitive unrealism. However, many ethologists contend that it makes sense to account for data gathered in animal behavior research along the lines of precisely these models. Elaborating upon this claim, Stanovich suggested that models of the kinds 1) and 2) are more appropriate to account for the behavior of creatures endowed with simple cognitive architectures rather than to account for the behavior of humans. Moreover, according to Stanovich’s own new approach, it is the cognitive complexity of humans rather than their computational limitations that makes them (partially) irrational. Could he be right? Following a suggestion made by Kacelnik (2006), I will contend that, in order to try to find out an answer to this question, one needs to realize that the term “rationality” in use in this debate has to be understood as referring to, at least, three distinct properties; and that, once one analyzes each of them properly, most of the above-mentioned approaches, including Stanovich’s, reveal themselves to be untenable.
- Collective individuation and emergence of organismalityPublication . Hernández, Isaac; Vecchi, Davide