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- International State responsibility for acts of entities that exercise elements of governmental authorityPublication . Veloso, Mafalda Maria da Cunha Coutinho Vilela; Baptista, Eduardo Correia, 1967-This dissertation studies the international rule of attribution to the State of acts of entities that exercise governmental authority. The study is focused on article 5 of the ARSIWA, which establishes that the conduct of a person or entity which is not an organ of the State under article 4 but which is empowered by the law of that State to exercise elements of the governmental authority shall be considered an act of the State under international law, provided the person or entity is acting in that capacity in the particular instance. The present work discusses the legal framework, historical background, legal nature, scope, and implications of article 5 of the ARSIWA. The legal nature of the rule embodied in article 5 of the ARSIWA is analyzed in this study, in light of general principles of law and the constituent elements of customary international law. In this context, it is concluded that article 5 reflects the principles of non subordination of international law to internal law and of the unity of the State from the international standpoint and it constitutes a rule of customary international law. Moreover, the analysis of article 5 covers sources, concepts, criteria, and evidence of international law and examines the application of article 5 in international disputes, particularly concerning investment and trade claims. The concepts of State organs and de facto organs are explored to find the universe of entities that fall within the scope of article 5. For the same purpose, the attribution of acts of territorial public entities, State-owned enterprises and private corporations is also studied in this dissertation. The concept of governmental authority is examined by reference to similar concepts used in sovereignty claims and under the rules of State immunity.
- ISBE & Cochrane Portugal Newsletter nº 325: Risco de lesão renal aguda após administração de contraste endovenoso na TCPublication . Lupi Manso, Nuno; Rachadell, Juan; Carneiro, António VazEsta Newsletter (NL) resulta de uma parceria entre o Instituto de Saúde Baseada na Evidência e a Cochrane Portugal, e tem como objectivo disponibilizar informação sobre áreas importantes para a prática clínica, com base na melhor evidência científica disponível. São incluídos estudos relevantes, criticamente avaliados pela sua validade, importância dos resultados e aplicabilidade prática, resumidos numa óptica de suporte à decisão. É dada prioridade a estudos de causalidade incluindo-se ainda, quando justificado, estudos qualitativos e metodológicos, assim como revisões científicas. O conteúdo da NL é da exclusiva responsabilidade do(s) seu(s) autor(es).
- A educação das artes na era da inteligência artificial: em torno da consciência evolutiva por entre a cegueira da inovaçãoPublication . Ferreira, Diogo Afonso Cardoso Candeias; Sousa, Ana Isabel Tudela Lima Gonçalves deThe dissertation herein consolidated is the culmination of the ongoing study concerning the consideration, adaptation and integration of new artificial intelligence tools in the teaching of visual arts. This research delves into the concepts of intelligence, authorship, creativity, and art, enveloped within the AI premise while not forgetting the criticisms regarding its ethical biases, dehumanization of education, environmental impact and so many other dubious realities. Education is approached with particular attention to teachers, students, and spaces, examining how these elements contribute, or fail to do so, to revitalizing teaching through new intelligent digital means. By recounting the history of intelligent machines alongside the history of education in Portugal, the technological promise is highlighted in the face of school stagnation. With corresponding considerations, the recent growth of new AI is noted, various programs are named and categorized, their functionalities outlined, and how they can diversify approaches to teaching visual arts. Through the Action-Research methodology, image and text generators were explored to enhance the P(AI)ntings Project at the José Afonso Secondary School in Loures. Observing the practice of students in the Oficina de Artes discipline, they were introduced to artificial intelligence to create reference images for study and effectively produce paintings that suited the styles, concepts, motifs, and themes of Impressionist artists. Collecting data through Surveys, this study aims to understand the difficulties in dealing with artificial intelligence in schools. Reflecting on the present with an eye toward the future, this research aims to navigate society's polarizing will and understand how to deal with artificial intelligence, mitigate its threats, and realize its promises. In respect for the teacher, education, art, humanity, without abandoning the possibility of change, revolution, innovation.