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A (in)justiça divina à luz da teoria de Kohlberg : constituirá a fé um factor de moralidade?
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Resumo(s)
A teoria do desenvolvimento moral de Kohlberg constitui um marco no estudo dos processos psicológicos subjacentes à moralidade. Partindo das investigações e do enfoque piagetiano, Kohlberg logrou elevá-lo ao seu pleno desenvolvimento, transpondo para o domínio da moralidade os princípios da teoria piagetiana. De acordo com esta, Kohlberg enfatiza o componente cognitivo-estrutural ou de juízo moral, ancorando a moralidade na racionalidade. O desenvolvimento do pensamento moral ocorre no sentido da justiça, sendo este o princípio moral universal e a única virtude. Esta teoria tem sido, contudo, criticada por diversas perspectivas que acentuam a importância de outros valores ou princípios. Na perspectiva da ética Cristã, valores como a benevolência, o perdão ou a compaixão, são igualmente fundamentais e vão mesmo além do princípio da justiça. O presente estudo tem como objectivo compreender de que modo as pessoas integram diferentes valores, em situações dilemáticas do domínio moral. Para esse efeito utilizaram-se parábolas da Bíblia que se considera ilustrar situações de aparente injustiça, mas em que, na verdade, a justiça não só é garantida, mas até mesmo excedida pelo princípio da benevolência. As parábolas foram apresentadas a 64 adolescentes e jovens adultos, com ou sem fé, que foram depois indagados através de uma entrevista semi-estruturada. Verificou-se que os participantes mais velhos e mais religiosos incluem nas suas respostas mais argumentos relacionados com o perdão, o amor e outros factores afectivos. Além disso, os participantes com níveis de fé mais elevados mostram-se mais capazes de reconhecer e resolver as contradições entre os valores presentes nas parábolas, embora as diferenças não tenham atingido a significância. De notar também a dificuldade de grande parte dos participantes em compreender de modo profundo o significado das parábolas, mesmo entre o grupo dos mais religiosos, o que nos leva a questionar alguns aspectos da educação religiosa actualmente praticada.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a landmark in the study of psychological processes underlying morality. Starting from the Piagetian approach and research, Kohlberg brought it to full completion, by transposing to the moral domain the principles of Piaget's cognitive development theory. Following the Piagetian tradition, Kohlberg emphasizes the cognitive-structural, or moral judgment, component, anchoring morality upon rationality. The development of moral thinking proceeds toward the sense of justice, considered as the universal moral principle and the only virtue. This theory, however, has been criticised from different perspectives, which emphasize the importance of other values or moral principles. From the perspective of Christian ethics, other values, like benevolence, forgiveness or compassion, are equally fundamental and go beyond the principle of justice. The goal of the current study is to understand in what way persons integrate, or fail to integrate, different values involved in dilemmatic situations within the moral domain. Biblical parables, considered to illustrate situations of apparent injustice but in which, in reality, justice is not only guaranteed, but extended by the benevolence principle, were used for this purpose. The parables were presented to 64 adolescents and young adults, with or without faith, who were then questioned about them in a semi-structured interview. It was found that older and more religious participants included in their responses more arguments related to forgiveness, love, and other affective factors. In addition, respondents with higher levels of faith showed greater capacity to recognize and resolve contradictions between the values present in the parables, although these differences did not reach significance. Difficulties felt by many of the participants in understanding the deep meaning of the parables, even among the more religious group, should also be pointed out, and lead us to question the effectiveness of some aspects of religious education as currently practiced.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a landmark in the study of psychological processes underlying morality. Starting from the Piagetian approach and research, Kohlberg brought it to full completion, by transposing to the moral domain the principles of Piaget's cognitive development theory. Following the Piagetian tradition, Kohlberg emphasizes the cognitive-structural, or moral judgment, component, anchoring morality upon rationality. The development of moral thinking proceeds toward the sense of justice, considered as the universal moral principle and the only virtue. This theory, however, has been criticised from different perspectives, which emphasize the importance of other values or moral principles. From the perspective of Christian ethics, other values, like benevolence, forgiveness or compassion, are equally fundamental and go beyond the principle of justice. The goal of the current study is to understand in what way persons integrate, or fail to integrate, different values involved in dilemmatic situations within the moral domain. Biblical parables, considered to illustrate situations of apparent injustice but in which, in reality, justice is not only guaranteed, but extended by the benevolence principle, were used for this purpose. The parables were presented to 64 adolescents and young adults, with or without faith, who were then questioned about them in a semi-structured interview. It was found that older and more religious participants included in their responses more arguments related to forgiveness, love, and other affective factors. In addition, respondents with higher levels of faith showed greater capacity to recognize and resolve contradictions between the values present in the parables, although these differences did not reach significance. Difficulties felt by many of the participants in understanding the deep meaning of the parables, even among the more religious group, should also be pointed out, and lead us to question the effectiveness of some aspects of religious education as currently practiced.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado em Psicologia (Desenvolvimento Humano), apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa através da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, 2008
Palavras-chave
Psicologia do desenvolvimento Moralidade Fé religiosa Teses de mestrado