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A erosão da Constituição nos tribunais: premissas do fenômeno e propostas de controlo
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A Tese, inserida no âmbito da Jurisdição Constitucional e Teoria do Direito, investiga o fenômeno da erosão da Constituição, descrevendo-o, quanto às causas e origens, caracterizando suas espécies e o modo pelo qual se operacionaliza, especialmente através da doutrina e da prática jurisprudencial. Além da descrição, propõem-se possíveis soluções (antídotos). A hipótese é de que métodos de controlo devem ser pensados e justificados a partir dos princípios constitucionais estruturantes da CRP/76 e da CRFB/88. Propõe-se caracterizar a erosão como problema da Constituição positiva decorrente do constitucionalismo moralmente reflexivo - e do neoconstitucionalismo, internamente; e como problema gerado pelo constitucionalismo cosmopolita externamente. Descrevem-se os princípios estruturantes do Estado de Direito Democrático ameaçados pela erosão, quais sejam, a separação dos poderes, a garantia reforçada dos direitos fundamentais, o princípio democrático, a supremacia da Constituição, o Estado de direito e a segurança jurídica. Apresentam-se as origens do constitucionalismo moralmente reflexivo e do neoconstitucionalismo. Métodos interpretativos como a constituição-fundamento, a ausência de distinção adequada entre regras e princípios, o apelo excessivo aos princípios, a mutação (in)constitucional, a ponderação em lugar da subsunção, o ativismo judicial, a leitura moral da Constituição, o pragmatismo consequencialista desregrado, bem como a atribuição à doutrina de um papel co-constituinte na interpretação são descritos e desvelados como causas da erosão. Após, analisam-se as teorias e doutrinas do constitucionalismo cosmopolita - o constitucionalismo multinível, o transconstitucionalismo, a interconstitucionalidade e constitucionalismo societário. Descrevem-se e se criticam suas premissas erosivas da Constituição. A seguir, indutivamente, propõem-se um modelo de controlo de erosão interna, com deveres interpretativos para mitigar os efeitos corrosivos e aprofundar a interpretação conectada com o constitucionalismo subjacente à Lei Fundamental. São eles: a sobrevalorização das normas-regras; a autocontenção judicial; o diálogo institucional no controlo de constitucionalidade; a limitação do transjudicialismo e a valorização da opinião pública na jurisdição constitucional. Depois, após analisar as normas de recepção externa, propõe-se um modelo de controlo da erosão centrado nos tribunais constitucionais: aberto, mas limitado. Apontam-se o uso de princípios da garantia do nível mais elevado de proteção aos direitos fundamentais, a subsidiariedade, a margem nacional de apreciação, a proteção à identidade constitucional, a razoabilidade, a proporcionalidade e o consequencialismo, vinculados ao Estado de Direito Democrático, como mecanismos indispensáveis de controlo desta erosão externa.
The Thesis, inserted in Judicial Review and Theory of Law, aims to investigate the phenomenon of constitutional erosion caused by judiciary, in terms of causes and origins, characterizing its species and the way in which it operates, especially throughout doctrine and jurisprudential practice. In addition to description, it proposes practical solutions(antidotes). The hypothesis is that methodsof controlcan be adopted, justified throughout structuralconstitutional normsfrom CRP/76 and CRFB/88. It proposes thaterosion isa problem of the positive constitution,caused by morally reflexive constitutionalism -and neoconstitutionalism, internally, as well as cosmopolitan constitutionalism, externally. The structuralprinciples of Rule of Law threatened by erosion are described, namely, the separation of powers, the reinforced guarantee of fundamental rights, the democratic principle, the supremacy of the constitution, the rule of law and legal certainty. After understanding the origins of morally reflexive constitutionalism and neoconstitutionalism, it analyses how they cause internal erosion. Methods such as interpreting the constitutions aspreceptive, the lack of distinguishingbetween rules and principles, excessive recourse to principles, (un)constitutional mutation, balancing instead of subsumption, judicial activism, moral reading of the constitution, unruly consequentialismand pragmatism, as well as attribution to doctrine a co-constituent role in interpretation are criticized as erosive. Then, theories and doctrines of cosmopolitan constitutionalism, whichhavecome from cosmopolitan turn, are analysed: themultilevel constitutionalism,thetransconstitutionalism, the interconstitutionality andthesocietal constitutionalism. Itserodingpremises of positive Constitution are describedandcriticized. Next, inductively, a model of internal erosion control is proposed, with interpretative duties to mitigate the corrosive effects and deepen the interpretation,connected with the constitutionalism underlying the Paramount Law. They arearescue of rules enforcement value;a self-restraint ofjudicial power;an institutional dialoguein judicial review;alimitation of transjudicialism and taking into account the public opinion in the constitutional adjudication. Then, after analysing the norms of external reception, a model of erosion control,centred on the constitutional courts, open but limited, is proposed. In this task,the use of principles such as guaranteeing the highest level of protection of fundamental rights, subsidiarity, national margin of appreciation, protection of constitutional identity, reasonableness and proportionality, in addition to consequentialism, all arising from of the democraticand positiveRule of Law, arepresented as indispensable mechanisms to erosion control.
The Thesis, inserted in Judicial Review and Theory of Law, aims to investigate the phenomenon of constitutional erosion caused by judiciary, in terms of causes and origins, characterizing its species and the way in which it operates, especially throughout doctrine and jurisprudential practice. In addition to description, it proposes practical solutions(antidotes). The hypothesis is that methodsof controlcan be adopted, justified throughout structuralconstitutional normsfrom CRP/76 and CRFB/88. It proposes thaterosion isa problem of the positive constitution,caused by morally reflexive constitutionalism -and neoconstitutionalism, internally, as well as cosmopolitan constitutionalism, externally. The structuralprinciples of Rule of Law threatened by erosion are described, namely, the separation of powers, the reinforced guarantee of fundamental rights, the democratic principle, the supremacy of the constitution, the rule of law and legal certainty. After understanding the origins of morally reflexive constitutionalism and neoconstitutionalism, it analyses how they cause internal erosion. Methods such as interpreting the constitutions aspreceptive, the lack of distinguishingbetween rules and principles, excessive recourse to principles, (un)constitutional mutation, balancing instead of subsumption, judicial activism, moral reading of the constitution, unruly consequentialismand pragmatism, as well as attribution to doctrine a co-constituent role in interpretation are criticized as erosive. Then, theories and doctrines of cosmopolitan constitutionalism, whichhavecome from cosmopolitan turn, are analysed: themultilevel constitutionalism,thetransconstitutionalism, the interconstitutionality andthesocietal constitutionalism. Itserodingpremises of positive Constitution are describedandcriticized. Next, inductively, a model of internal erosion control is proposed, with interpretative duties to mitigate the corrosive effects and deepen the interpretation,connected with the constitutionalism underlying the Paramount Law. They arearescue of rules enforcement value;a self-restraint ofjudicial power;an institutional dialoguein judicial review;alimitation of transjudicialism and taking into account the public opinion in the constitutional adjudication. Then, after analysing the norms of external reception, a model of erosion control,centred on the constitutional courts, open but limited, is proposed. In this task,the use of principles such as guaranteeing the highest level of protection of fundamental rights, subsidiarity, national margin of appreciation, protection of constitutional identity, reasonableness and proportionality, in addition to consequentialism, all arising from of the democraticand positiveRule of Law, arepresented as indispensable mechanisms to erosion control.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Erosão Cortes Constituição Controlo Princípios Estruturantes Estado de Direito Democrático Erosion Courts Constitutions Control Structuring Principles Rule of Law