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Avanços terapêuticos na tuberculose
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A tuberculose é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo bacilo Mycobacterium tuberculosis, também conhecido como bacilo de Koch, com repercussões no sistema respiratório, embora possa também afectar outros órgãos e sistemas. É considerada uma das doenças mais antigas, tendo sido responsável por elevada mortalidade e morbilidade em todo o mundo, continuando ainda a sê-lo nos países pouco desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Embora a sua incidência tenha diminuído nos últimos anos, esta doença continua a ser um grave problema, com o aparecimento de estirpes multirresistentes e extensivamente resistentes, tornando o seu tratamento complicado e prolongado, causando variadas reacções adversas e dificultando a adesão à terapêutica.
Esta revisão surge no sentido de perceber que novas abordagens terapêuticas existem, seja no que diz respeito a fármacos, como aos seus esquemas terapêuticos. Efectuou-se uma revisão de literatura que revelou que os fármacos utilizados no tratamento da tuberculose são os mesmos de há várias décadas: a isoniazida, a rifampicina, a pirazinamida e o etambutol. Recentemente, foram aprovados novos fármacos para o tratamento da tuberculose: a bedaquilina, a delamanida e a pretomanida.
Apesar dos recentes avanços na pesquisa de fármacos antituberculosos, as resistências continuam a emergir, pelo que se torna fundamental o investimento na pesquisa de novos fármacos aos quais as estirpes de Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistentes sejam susceptíveis. É necessária a melhoria e intensificação da educação sobre este tema à população, alertando os profissionais de saúde nesse sentido.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillus, also known as Koch bacillus, which manifests itself in the respiratory system, even though it can also affect other organs and systems. It is considered one of the oldest diseases, having been responsible for a high mortality and morbidity worldwide, and it still persists as so in underdeveloped and developing countries. Although its incidence has decreased in recent years, this disease still remains a serious problem, with the appearance of multiresistant and extensively resistant strains, making its treatment complicated and extensive, causing various adverse reactions, and turning the adherence to therapy difficult. The goal of this review is to perceive which new therapeutic approaches exist, regarding the drugs and their therapeutic regimens. A literature review was carried out, which revealed that the drugs used in the treatment of drug-sensitive tuberculosis have been the same for several decades: isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. New drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis, have recently been approved: bedaquiline, delamanide and pretomanid. Despite recent advances in the research of antituberculous drugs, resistance continues to emerge, so it is essential to invest in the research of new drugs to which resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains are susceptible, and in improving and intensifying the general population’s knowledge on this subject, as well as raising awareness among health professionals.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillus, also known as Koch bacillus, which manifests itself in the respiratory system, even though it can also affect other organs and systems. It is considered one of the oldest diseases, having been responsible for a high mortality and morbidity worldwide, and it still persists as so in underdeveloped and developing countries. Although its incidence has decreased in recent years, this disease still remains a serious problem, with the appearance of multiresistant and extensively resistant strains, making its treatment complicated and extensive, causing various adverse reactions, and turning the adherence to therapy difficult. The goal of this review is to perceive which new therapeutic approaches exist, regarding the drugs and their therapeutic regimens. A literature review was carried out, which revealed that the drugs used in the treatment of drug-sensitive tuberculosis have been the same for several decades: isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. New drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis, have recently been approved: bedaquiline, delamanide and pretomanid. Despite recent advances in the research of antituberculous drugs, resistance continues to emerge, so it is essential to invest in the research of new drugs to which resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains are susceptible, and in improving and intensifying the general population’s knowledge on this subject, as well as raising awareness among health professionals.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2022, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Tuberculose Mycobacterium Epidemiologia Tratamento Novos fármacos Mestrado integrado - 2022