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O governo de Eurico Gaspar Dutra e a transição de regime: entre o autoritarismo e as concepções democráticas
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A presente tese tem como objetivo suprir uma lacuna na historiografia brasileira: A transição democrática do Estado Novo para o governo Dutra e a Justiça de Transição durante este novo governo. O fato da administração de Eurico Gaspar Dutra ser entre o período do fim do Estado Novo e o segundo período de Vargas 1951-1954 acaba por deixar este governo no imaginário brasileiro apenas um período de interregno, todavia trata-se de um governo de transição fundamental a ser estudado. O presente estudo é voltado para a compreensão dos motivos e razões que permitiram a permanência da estrutura do Estado Novo durante o novo governo democrático, e para tal analisamos as características da cultura política brasileira e o contexto internacional do período.
O estudo da cultura política brasileira de repressão e reconciliação é fundamental para compreender-se como estas práticas foram replicadas tanto na ditadura Varguista como no governo democrático de Dutra. O próprio ditador, apesar de ter sido derrubado, não enfrentou qualquer consequência judicial dos atos da repressão política durante a sua ditadura.
Para aprofundar a pesquisa, e afastar críticas de anacronismo, também realizamos a contextualização histórica internacional do período transicional, demonstrando que determinados países na Europa também ultrapassaram por períodos ditatoriais e posteriormente passaram por transições democráticas que afastou os agentes autoritários do poder. O caso brasileiro, neste sentido, demonstra-se como um dos casos mais “tímidos” de Justiça de Transição, embora tenha ocorrido determinadas iniciativas transicionais.
Concluímos que os principais motivos que impediram os esforços transicionais foi a falta de iniciativa coesa da oposição à ditadura varguista de buscar a responsabilização dos agentes ditatoriais, bem como a transformação, em um contexto de Guerra Fria, da doutrina militar de combate à um inimigo externo para um inimigo interno que era, geralmente, identificado como comunista.
This thesis aims to fill a gap in Brazilian historiography: The democratic transition from the Estado Novo to the Dutra government and the Transitional Justice during this new government. The fact that the administration of Eurico Gaspar Dutra was between the period of the end of the Estado Novo and the second period of Vargas, 1951-1954, ends up leaving this government in the Brazilian imagination only an interim period, however it is a fundamental transitional government. to be studied. The present study is aimed at understanding the reasons and reasons that allowed the Estado Novo structure to remain during the new democratic government, and for this purpose, we analyze the characteristics of Brazilian political culture and the international context of the period. The study of the Brazilian political culture of repression and reconciliation is essential to understand how these practices were replicated both in the Varguista dictatorship and in the democratic government of Dutra. The dictator himself, despite being overthrown, did not face any judicial consequences of acts of political repression during his dictatorship. To deepen the research, and to remove criticisms of anachronism, we also carried out the international historical contextualization of the transitional period, demonstrating that certain countries in Europe also went through dictatorial periods and later went through democratic transitions that distanced authoritarian agents from power. The Brazilian case, in this sense, is one of the most “shy” cases of Transitional Justice, although there have been certain transitional initiatives. We conclude that the main reasons that impeded the transitional efforts were the lack of cohesive initiative of the opposition to the Vargas dictatorship to seek the accountability of dictatorial agents, as well as the transformation, in a Cold War context, of the military doctrine of combating an external enemy to an internal enemy who was generally identified as communist.
This thesis aims to fill a gap in Brazilian historiography: The democratic transition from the Estado Novo to the Dutra government and the Transitional Justice during this new government. The fact that the administration of Eurico Gaspar Dutra was between the period of the end of the Estado Novo and the second period of Vargas, 1951-1954, ends up leaving this government in the Brazilian imagination only an interim period, however it is a fundamental transitional government. to be studied. The present study is aimed at understanding the reasons and reasons that allowed the Estado Novo structure to remain during the new democratic government, and for this purpose, we analyze the characteristics of Brazilian political culture and the international context of the period. The study of the Brazilian political culture of repression and reconciliation is essential to understand how these practices were replicated both in the Varguista dictatorship and in the democratic government of Dutra. The dictator himself, despite being overthrown, did not face any judicial consequences of acts of political repression during his dictatorship. To deepen the research, and to remove criticisms of anachronism, we also carried out the international historical contextualization of the transitional period, demonstrating that certain countries in Europe also went through dictatorial periods and later went through democratic transitions that distanced authoritarian agents from power. The Brazilian case, in this sense, is one of the most “shy” cases of Transitional Justice, although there have been certain transitional initiatives. We conclude that the main reasons that impeded the transitional efforts were the lack of cohesive initiative of the opposition to the Vargas dictatorship to seek the accountability of dictatorial agents, as well as the transformation, in a Cold War context, of the military doctrine of combating an external enemy to an internal enemy who was generally identified as communist.
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Dutra, Eurico Gaspar , 1883-1974 Totalitarismo - Brasil - séc.20 Repressão politica - Brasil - séc.20 Brasil - Politica e governo - séc.20 Teses de doutoramento - 2021