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«Eis o exímio Pintor, Douto Cyrillo, tão grande na lição, como no Estillo» : dinâmicas artísticas da obra de Cyrillo Volkmar Machado (1748-1823)
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Cyrillo Volkmar Machado (1748-1823) foi uma das personalidades artísticas ímpares do século XVIII português. Além de pintor, teórico e historiador da arte, o seu carácter empreendedor levou-o a instituir em Lisboa a primeira Academia de Desenho com estudo nu, influenciando todas as academias artísticas que se seguiram, nomeadamente a Academia de Belas-Artes de Lisboa, fundada em 1836.
A sua principal actividade foi ao nível da pintura mural, tendo-se notabilizado relativamente a outros artistas seus contemporâneos. Realizou diversos ciclos de temário alegórico para uma burguesia lisboeta endinheirada, para a Casa dos Grandes e, por último, para a Casa Real portuguesa, acusando nestes uma actualização em torno das linguagens plásticas em voga e que ocorriam já no panorama europeu. É precisamente a pintura mural cyrilliana o cerne da presente investigação. Mas além da sua profícua actividade como pintor, Cyrillo legou-nos extensa obra literária publicada (e muita ainda por publicar). Podemos afirmar com toda a certeza que os seus escritos lançaram as bases para a historiografia da arte portuguesa nos anos que se seguiram, perdurando a sua influência até aos nossos dias: ainda hoje é frequente o recurso a Cyrillo Volkmar Machado por parte dos historiadores da arte. Porém, tudo isto contou muito pouco para o conhecido historiador Atanazy Raczyński (1788-1874), que avaliou Cyrillo como sendo um artista fraco, ignorando quase por completo as suas outras facetas. Esta injustificada apreciação perdurou até muito recentemente, até por parte de eminentes historiadores da arte que, todavia, não se coibiram de utilizar a sua obra historiográfica como fonte fundamental de investigação. A presente tese pretende por isso devolver à história da arte o processo trans-memorial de Cyrillo Volkmar Machado, um artista cuja influência foi de extrema importância nos percursos posteriores da arte em Portugal. A reabilitação da memória de tão insigne pintor será feita com base na análise do seu percurso de vida, da sua obra artística e escrita, analisando-se ainda o seu valor no panorama académico e artístico português.
Cyrillo Volkmar Machado (1748-1823) was one of the most important eighteenth-century artists in Portugal. Besides being a painter, theoretician and art historian, his dynamic character also led him to establish in Lisbon the first Academy of Drawing, with the study of nude that influenced all the subsequent artistic academies – including the Academy of Fine Arts of Lisbon, established in 1836. Mural painting was his main artistic activity, distinguishing himself from other coeval artists. Cyrillo performed several works of mural painting with allegoric themes: for the rich bourgeoisie and the aristocracy of Lisbon, and for the Portuguese Royal House. His paintings revelead that he kept informed about the current aesthetic languages of the European panorama. The cyrillian mural painting is precisely the core theme of this investigation. Besides his fruitful activity as a painter, Cyrillo also left an extensive literary work, most of it already published (and many still unpublished). One can clearly state that his writings have created the bases for the Portuguese art historiography in the following years, persisting his influence until our days. Even today the work of Cyrillo Volkmar Machado is frequently used by art historians. However, this facts were not considered by the well-known historian Atanazy Raczyński (1788-1874), who considered Cyrillo as a mediocre artist, ignoring almost completely his other features. This injustified judgment persisted until recently, inclusively from eminent art historians who, nevertheless, used his historiographical work as a major research source. This dissertation aims to rescue Cyrillo Volkmar Machado`s trans-memorial process within the history of art; his influence was extremely important in the subsequent art trajectories in Portugal. The recovery of the memory of such distinguished painter will be based in his life path, in his artistc works, and in his writings; his significance within the Portuguese academic and artistic panorama will be also analysed.
Cyrillo Volkmar Machado (1748-1823) was one of the most important eighteenth-century artists in Portugal. Besides being a painter, theoretician and art historian, his dynamic character also led him to establish in Lisbon the first Academy of Drawing, with the study of nude that influenced all the subsequent artistic academies – including the Academy of Fine Arts of Lisbon, established in 1836. Mural painting was his main artistic activity, distinguishing himself from other coeval artists. Cyrillo performed several works of mural painting with allegoric themes: for the rich bourgeoisie and the aristocracy of Lisbon, and for the Portuguese Royal House. His paintings revelead that he kept informed about the current aesthetic languages of the European panorama. The cyrillian mural painting is precisely the core theme of this investigation. Besides his fruitful activity as a painter, Cyrillo also left an extensive literary work, most of it already published (and many still unpublished). One can clearly state that his writings have created the bases for the Portuguese art historiography in the following years, persisting his influence until our days. Even today the work of Cyrillo Volkmar Machado is frequently used by art historians. However, this facts were not considered by the well-known historian Atanazy Raczyński (1788-1874), who considered Cyrillo as a mediocre artist, ignoring almost completely his other features. This injustified judgment persisted until recently, inclusively from eminent art historians who, nevertheless, used his historiographical work as a major research source. This dissertation aims to rescue Cyrillo Volkmar Machado`s trans-memorial process within the history of art; his influence was extremely important in the subsequent art trajectories in Portugal. The recovery of the memory of such distinguished painter will be based in his life path, in his artistc works, and in his writings; his significance within the Portuguese academic and artistic panorama will be also analysed.