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Tradução audiovisual à luz da Teoria de Skopos : o caso da legendagem da série “As Imperatrizes no Palácio (Zhēn Huán zhuàn 甄嬛传)”
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Esta dissertação de mestrado propõe-se a estudar de que forma são traduzidos, nos textos
audiovisuais, os elementos culturais que distinguem as línguas e culturas chinesa e
portuguesa, tomando como objeto de estudo a legendagem da série chinesa “As Imperatrizes
no Palácio (Zhēn Huán zhuàn 甄嬛传)” da Netflix. Esta série, cujo tema se desenvolve entre
1723 e 1735 durante o reinado da Dinastia Qing, relata a vida da personagem principal, Zhen
Huan 甄嬛, no palácio imperial.
Com a globalização, verificou-se um desenvolvimento abrangente e acelerado da
comunicação política, económica e cultural entre a China e os restantes países. Ao longo dos
últimos cem anos, as obras cinematográficas e televisivas revelaram-se formas de arte de
alcance global com forte apelo popular, características que as estabeleceram como canais de
comunicação de relevo e que possibilitaram a existência de intercâmbios culturais a um ritmo
elevado, desencadeando assim um papel crucial na comunicação. A introdução de obras
estrangeiras de cinema e televisão em larga escala veio colocar enormes desafios à tradução
de legendas, quer em filmes quer noutros conteúdos televisivos. Todavia, em simultâneo,
oferece ao público geral as condições que propiciam a obtenção de maiores quantidades de
informação, podendo ainda, inclusive, servir como agente facilitador na aprendizagem de
novas línguas.
A tradução no cinema e séries televisivas assume um papel central que possibilita a
apreciação de obras estrangeiras às audiências de uma determinada língua-alvo, assumindose
assim como um elemento cultural indispensável nas sociedades modernas. Na China, a
componente da tradução que se debruça sobre a legendagem de filmes e de obras televisivas
é, ainda, uma área emergente. Por essa razão, o estudo sobre a tradução de legendas mantémse
incapaz de atrair a atenção que merece, ao contrário do que acontece com a tradução
literária (Qian, 2000). Paralelamente, a qualidade da tradução afeta, de forma direta, o valor
dos produtos audiovisuais. Poder-se-á assim entender a tradução de legendas como um pilar
essencial para a tradução dos produtos audiovisuais. Desde a década de 1930 (Fernández &
Evans, 2018), tem havido um avanço sistemático nas investigações relacionadas com o tema
por parte de círculos académicos ocidentais. São inúmeros os exemplos de peritos europeus a publicar uma grande quantidade de artigos sobre tradução para cinema e televisão, tendo
sido, inclusive, estabelecidas algumas organizações especializadas para este efeito, como a
European Association for Studies in Screen Translation. No entanto, os objetos de estudo
destas instituições concentravam-se sobretudo na tradução de línguas europeias. A ausência
de abordagens ao estudo sobre a tradução entre o mandarim e o português, duas línguas que
pertencem a famílias linguísticas diferentes, é evidente, configurando um cenário que tem
perdurado até aos dias de hoje.
A teoria de Skopos foi proposta por Hans J. Vermeer, representante alemão do funcionalismo
de tradução, na década de 1970. Toda a teoria de Skopos assenta numa ideia essencial: a
tradução é um ato comunicativo (Gutt, 2004). O objetivo a ser alcançado através do ato de
tradução determina todo o seu processo, do início ao fim. Por outras palavras, “o fim
determina os meios”, pelo que a estratégia a ser implementada deve ser delineada de acordo
com o objetivo da própria tradução. À luz da teoria de Skopos, a presente dissertação pretende
concentrar-se na análise das estratégias de tradução utilizadas para a legendagem da série
televisiva chinesa “As Imperatrizes no Palácio” em língua portuguesa, na sua versão adaptada
da Netflix. Com esta investigação, a autora pretendeu, acima de tudo, apresentar sugestões e
obter resultados que contribuíssem para incrementar a qualidade do processo tradutivo e,
consequentemente, das legendas utilizadas.
This thesis proposes to study how the cultural elements that distinguish Chinese and Portuguese languages and cultures are translated into audiovisual texts, taking as a subject of study the subtitling of the Chinese series “The Empresses of the Palace (Zhēn Huán zhuàn 甄嬛传)” on Netflix. This series, whose theme develops between 1723 and 1735 in the Qing Dynasty, presents the life of the main character Zhen Huan 甄嬛 in the imperial palace. Along with the acceleration of globalization, the political, economic and cultural communication between China and other countries has entered a stage of rapid and comprehensive multi-channel development. Since film and television works are a popular and world-wide art form, they have become a major carrier of cultural exchange at an astonishing speed in just one hundred years, and undoubtedly occupies a significant place in communication. The introduction of large-scale foreign film and television pieces poses major challenges for the translation of film and television subtitles. Fortunately, at the same time, it provides convenient conditions for individuals to obtain new kinds of information and even learn foreign languages. Audiovisual translation is the basis for target-language audiences to appreciate foreign film and television works, and it’s an indispensable cultural form in modern society. In China, the translation of film and television subtitles is an emerging field. The domestic research on subtitle translation is also still in its early stages, at same time, this kind of translation has not yet attracted as much attention as literary translation. The subtitles have the mission of disseminating the information of film and television works. The quality of translation has direct importance on the value of audiovisual products. Therefore, subtitle translation is the basis and core of film and television translation. The investigation of film and television subtitle translation has been well developed and more systematic in western academic circles since the 1930s. Western scholars have published a large number of articles on film and television translation, and even some organizations specializing in this kind of translation have been established, such as the European Association for Studies in Screen Translation. However, the research objects of these institutions usually focus on translation between European languages and have not yet been involved in translation between the two languages belonging to different language families. Skopos theory was proposed by Hans J. Vermeer, a German representative of translation functionalism, in the 1970s. The main idea of Skopos theory is that translation is an act of communication. The goal to be achieved by the translation act determines the whole process of translation behavior, that is, the “goal determines the means”. The translation strategy must be defined according to the purpose of the translation. In light of Skopos theory, the present dissertation will focus on the analysis of the translation strategies used in the Portuguese subtitles of the Chinese television series Empresses in the Palace of Netflix version. Through this research, the author has obtained the main results and put forward suggestions for improvement of some defects.
This thesis proposes to study how the cultural elements that distinguish Chinese and Portuguese languages and cultures are translated into audiovisual texts, taking as a subject of study the subtitling of the Chinese series “The Empresses of the Palace (Zhēn Huán zhuàn 甄嬛传)” on Netflix. This series, whose theme develops between 1723 and 1735 in the Qing Dynasty, presents the life of the main character Zhen Huan 甄嬛 in the imperial palace. Along with the acceleration of globalization, the political, economic and cultural communication between China and other countries has entered a stage of rapid and comprehensive multi-channel development. Since film and television works are a popular and world-wide art form, they have become a major carrier of cultural exchange at an astonishing speed in just one hundred years, and undoubtedly occupies a significant place in communication. The introduction of large-scale foreign film and television pieces poses major challenges for the translation of film and television subtitles. Fortunately, at the same time, it provides convenient conditions for individuals to obtain new kinds of information and even learn foreign languages. Audiovisual translation is the basis for target-language audiences to appreciate foreign film and television works, and it’s an indispensable cultural form in modern society. In China, the translation of film and television subtitles is an emerging field. The domestic research on subtitle translation is also still in its early stages, at same time, this kind of translation has not yet attracted as much attention as literary translation. The subtitles have the mission of disseminating the information of film and television works. The quality of translation has direct importance on the value of audiovisual products. Therefore, subtitle translation is the basis and core of film and television translation. The investigation of film and television subtitle translation has been well developed and more systematic in western academic circles since the 1930s. Western scholars have published a large number of articles on film and television translation, and even some organizations specializing in this kind of translation have been established, such as the European Association for Studies in Screen Translation. However, the research objects of these institutions usually focus on translation between European languages and have not yet been involved in translation between the two languages belonging to different language families. Skopos theory was proposed by Hans J. Vermeer, a German representative of translation functionalism, in the 1970s. The main idea of Skopos theory is that translation is an act of communication. The goal to be achieved by the translation act determines the whole process of translation behavior, that is, the “goal determines the means”. The translation strategy must be defined according to the purpose of the translation. In light of Skopos theory, the present dissertation will focus on the analysis of the translation strategies used in the Portuguese subtitles of the Chinese television series Empresses in the Palace of Netflix version. Through this research, the author has obtained the main results and put forward suggestions for improvement of some defects.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Zhēn Huán zhuàn (Série televisiva) - Traduções portuguesas Séries televisivas - Tradução Legendagem Audiovisual - Tradução Linguagem e cultura Língua chinesa - Tradução para português Tradução - Metodologia Tradução Teses de mestrado - 2021