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A Convenção de Washington à luz da arbitragem internacional: os impactos causados aos investimentos do Brasil como país não signatário
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A globalização modificou substancialmente as relações entre os Estados, derrubando fronteiras anteriormente rígidas. Com o advento desse novo momento histórico, surgiu também a oportunidade de expansão dos investimentos dos particulares a novos territórios além do seu próprio Estado. Assim, com o tempo, a economia assistiu uma transformação intensa, por meio da qual o capital adquiriu uma mobilidade dantes desconhecida, de modo que os investimentos realizados em um determinado Estado passaram a ter como origem diversos outros Estados, e, mais importante, sendo proveniente das reservas da iniciativa privada. Em razão disso, passou a serem necessárias garantias de que tais investimentos não sofreriam qualquer intervenção do Estado que o recebia, para que seu patrimônio não fosse prejudicado. Uma das principais formas de se garantir o investimento estrangeiro é a transferência da competência para julgar eventuais disputas concernentes a tais investimentos do judiciário e Estado receptor à arbitragem internacional. Por se tratar de um tribunal independente e, teoricamente, melhor municiado para lidar com a problemática envolvida em uma controvérsia desta natureza, a arbitragem se tornou atrativa aos investidores, receosos dos atos expropriatórios que poderiam vir a ser tomados pelos Estados receptores de seu capital. O Centro Internacional de Resolução de Disputas sobre Investimentos (CIRDI) surgiu nesse contesto e é caracterizada como uma organização internacional criada pela Convenção de Washington de 1965, sob os auspícios do Banco Mundial com a intenção de fornecer aos investidores e aos Estados um mecanismo internacional de solução de controvérsias neutro e imparcial, que despolitize as disputas envolvendo investimentos estrangeiros e contribuísse para o aumento do fluxo de aportes de capital para os países menos desenvolvidos. Nesse contexto, o papel do Brasil como país não signatário da Convenção se mostra importante para análise, já que serão abortados no presente trabalho os motivos pelos quais o país se mantém fora da jurisdição do CIRDI e quais os impactos que isso gera aos investimentos brasileiros.
Globalization changed substantially the relationships among States, breaking boundaries once rigids. In this new moment in time, an opportunity also came up, by need, of expansion of the private investments towards new territories beyond the ones of their own. So, in time, the economy suffered an intense transformation, by which capital gained mobility so far unknown, in a way that investments made in a given State had sources from various other States and, most importantly, coming from the reserves of the private initiative. To the private initiative guarantees started to be needed in order to that its investment did not suffer intervention from the State receiving the investment, and so that its asset wouldn´t be damaged. One of the main forms of guaranteeing the foreign investment is to transfer the competence to judge eventual disputes concerning such investments from the courts of the host State to international arbitration. Because it is an independent court and, theoretically, better provided with resources to deal with the issue involved in such a controversy, arbitration has become attractive to investors afraid of the expropriatory acts that could be taken by the host States of their capital. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) emerged in this context and is characterized as an international organization created by the 1965 Washington Convention, under the auspices of the World Bank with the intention of providing investors and states with an international mechanism for neutral and impartial dispute settlement that depoliticizes disputes involving foreign investment and contributes to the increased flow of capital to the least developed countries. In this context, Brazil's role as a non-signatory country to the Convention is important for analysis, as the reasons why the country remains outside the ICSID jurisdiction and the impact that this generates on Brazilian investments will be studied.
Globalization changed substantially the relationships among States, breaking boundaries once rigids. In this new moment in time, an opportunity also came up, by need, of expansion of the private investments towards new territories beyond the ones of their own. So, in time, the economy suffered an intense transformation, by which capital gained mobility so far unknown, in a way that investments made in a given State had sources from various other States and, most importantly, coming from the reserves of the private initiative. To the private initiative guarantees started to be needed in order to that its investment did not suffer intervention from the State receiving the investment, and so that its asset wouldn´t be damaged. One of the main forms of guaranteeing the foreign investment is to transfer the competence to judge eventual disputes concerning such investments from the courts of the host State to international arbitration. Because it is an independent court and, theoretically, better provided with resources to deal with the issue involved in such a controversy, arbitration has become attractive to investors afraid of the expropriatory acts that could be taken by the host States of their capital. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) emerged in this context and is characterized as an international organization created by the 1965 Washington Convention, under the auspices of the World Bank with the intention of providing investors and states with an international mechanism for neutral and impartial dispute settlement that depoliticizes disputes involving foreign investment and contributes to the increased flow of capital to the least developed countries. In this context, Brazil's role as a non-signatory country to the Convention is important for analysis, as the reasons why the country remains outside the ICSID jurisdiction and the impact that this generates on Brazilian investments will be studied.
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Arbitragem internacional Investimento estrangeiro CIRDI Promoção do investimento Proteção do investimento estrangeiro Resolução de litígios Brasil Teses de mestrado - 2021