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Poder disciplinar: em especial do desequilíbrio na relação jurídico privada
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A presente dissertação de mestrado para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Direito intitula-se: “Poder disciplinar laboral – em especial do desequilíbrio na relação jurídico privada”. Este tema tem por objecto a análise e a reflexão sobre o poder disciplinar previsto no ordenamento jurídico português, partindo da ideia do Direito do Trabalho como Direito privado - mesmo que Direito privado especial - e da sua característica intrínseca de igualdade das partes.
O nosso excurso passa pela génese do Direito do Trabalho, assumida como verdadeira solução mitigadora dos graves problemas provocados pela Revolução Industrial, o que levou a uma necessária intervenção destinada a proteger a parte mais fraca da relação laboral.
Com o caminho aberto para um Direito do Trabalho mais sedimentado, com cada vez mais intervenção na regulação do trabalho subordinado, o Estado, até aqui, apenas chamado para intervir nas relações laborais em questões de determinados conflitos de interesses, começa a introduzir uma verdadeira regulação laboral, seguindo na sequência natural da feição proteccionista que acabou por caracterizar (quase) sempre este sector do ordenamento.
Contudo, estamos em crer que o Direito do Trabalho perdeu na espuma dos anos a sua matriz originária, que é a necessidade de continuar a proteger a parte mais fraca. Com efeito, que garantias oferece o nosso sistema em sede disciplinar, se atendermos ao facto do empregador ser ao mesmo tempo parte na decisão decisória? Será que nesta relação de poder, com verdadeira desigualdade de forças, existente no quotidiano das relações de trabalho, o juiz empregador, que também é parte, procurará a solução justa e da verdade probatória? Será que este juiz empregador, terá em consideração a parte mais fraca da relação laboral? Será que este juiz parte procurará a verdadeira justiça material, da correcta solução do caso concreto, na busca da verdadeira realização de justiça?
É neste sentido que assenta a nossa convicção de que é necessário voltar a descobrir o sentido e a função social do Direito do Trabalho hodierno, conferindo aos trabalhadores uma especial tutela, tutela essa, que se deve, ao reconhecimento da situação de inferioridade substancial em que estes se encontram, repudiando a lógica de que as exigências económicas devem prevalecer sobre os direitos dos trabalhadores. Sendo evidente, que a relação laboral é uma relação de poder, na qual o trabalhador surge como sujeito juridicamente subordinado e adstrito, entre outros, ao dever de obediência relativamente às ordens e instruções do empregador, sendo aqui clara e inequívoca a posição de domínio do empregador perante o trabalhador.
Ora, esta posição dominial do empregador encontra respaldo no poder disciplinar, que quanto a nós, segue como um verdadeiro poder punitivo, tendo as sanções susceptíveis de aplicação a natureza de autênticos castigos.
Todavia, a admissão do poder disciplinar conferido ao empregador não pode fazer esquecer a circunstância de ele representar um importante e desequilibrador desvio a dois basilares princípios do Direito: o princípio da justiça pública e o princípio da igualdade das partes, traduzido numa inquestionável posição de domínio contratual do empregador, sendo certo que o contrato de trabalho é um negócio jurídico de Direito Privado.
Desse modo, estamos perante um genuíno poder punitivo privado, através do qual uma parte contraente pode castigar a outra parte, caso entenda que esta cometeu uma qualquer infracção disciplinar.
Estamos em crer que com um sistema inspirado no Conseil de prud`hommes francês, poderíamos aspirar à promoção de uma solução concertada e equitativa dos conflitos laborais, princípio que deve sempre nortear o Direito do Trabalho.
The present master's degree dissertation for the master's degree in Law is entitled: "Disciplinary labour power - especially the imbalance in the private legal relationship". This topic has as its object the analysis and reflection on the disciplinary power provided in the Portuguese legal system, born from the idea of Labour Law as Private Law - even Private Special Law - and its intrinsic characteristic of equality of the parties. The dissertation reviews the genesis of Labour Law, a much-needed solution to mitigate the serious problems caused by the Industrial Revolution, which led to a necessary intervention to protect the weaker part of the labour relationship. With the road paved towards a more settled Labour Law, with more and more intervention in the regulation of subordinate work, the State, which had previously only been called to intervene in labour relations in matters of certain conflicts of interest, began to introduce concrete labour laws, following the natural protectionist tendencies that would eventually characterize (almost) all of this sector of the Legal system. However, we believe that Labour Law has lost its original DNA over the years, which was the need to protect the weakest party. Indeed, what insurances does our system offer, if we consider that the employer is at the same time party to any final decision? Could it be, in this relationship of power, with true inequality of forces, in the day-today work-relationships, that this employer-judge, who is also a party, will seek the just solution and the probative truth? Will this employer-judge take into consideration the weakest part of the employment relationship? Will this judge-party look for the real material justice, the correct solution of the case, in the pursuit of true realization of justice? This is the basis of our conviction, that it is necessary to rediscover the meaning and social function of modern Labour Law, by giving the workers a special protection, a protection which is borne from recognition of the substantial inferiority in which they find themselves, repudiating the logic that economic requirements must prevail over workers' rights. It is evident that the labour relationship is one of power, in which the worker appears as a legally subordinate entity and is subject to, among others, the duty of obedience in relation to the orders and instructions of the employer, which shows clearly and unequivocally the position of power of the employer over the worker. This dominant position of the employer is supported by its disciplinary power, which, in our opinion, becomes a true punitive power, with the applicable penalties becoming real punishments. However, the admission of disciplinary power conferred on the employer should not make us forget the fact that it represents an important and unbalancing deviation from two basic principles of law: the principle of public justice and the principle of equality of the parties, rendering an unquestionable position of contractual domination of the employer, making clear that the labour contract is a legal act of Private Law. In this way, we are faced with a genuine private punitive power, whereby a contracting party may punish the other party if it considers that it has committed any disciplinary offense. We are convinced that with a system inspired by the Conseil de prud`hommes, we could hope to promote a concerted and equitable solution to labour disputes, a principle which must always guide Labour Law.
The present master's degree dissertation for the master's degree in Law is entitled: "Disciplinary labour power - especially the imbalance in the private legal relationship". This topic has as its object the analysis and reflection on the disciplinary power provided in the Portuguese legal system, born from the idea of Labour Law as Private Law - even Private Special Law - and its intrinsic characteristic of equality of the parties. The dissertation reviews the genesis of Labour Law, a much-needed solution to mitigate the serious problems caused by the Industrial Revolution, which led to a necessary intervention to protect the weaker part of the labour relationship. With the road paved towards a more settled Labour Law, with more and more intervention in the regulation of subordinate work, the State, which had previously only been called to intervene in labour relations in matters of certain conflicts of interest, began to introduce concrete labour laws, following the natural protectionist tendencies that would eventually characterize (almost) all of this sector of the Legal system. However, we believe that Labour Law has lost its original DNA over the years, which was the need to protect the weakest party. Indeed, what insurances does our system offer, if we consider that the employer is at the same time party to any final decision? Could it be, in this relationship of power, with true inequality of forces, in the day-today work-relationships, that this employer-judge, who is also a party, will seek the just solution and the probative truth? Will this employer-judge take into consideration the weakest part of the employment relationship? Will this judge-party look for the real material justice, the correct solution of the case, in the pursuit of true realization of justice? This is the basis of our conviction, that it is necessary to rediscover the meaning and social function of modern Labour Law, by giving the workers a special protection, a protection which is borne from recognition of the substantial inferiority in which they find themselves, repudiating the logic that economic requirements must prevail over workers' rights. It is evident that the labour relationship is one of power, in which the worker appears as a legally subordinate entity and is subject to, among others, the duty of obedience in relation to the orders and instructions of the employer, which shows clearly and unequivocally the position of power of the employer over the worker. This dominant position of the employer is supported by its disciplinary power, which, in our opinion, becomes a true punitive power, with the applicable penalties becoming real punishments. However, the admission of disciplinary power conferred on the employer should not make us forget the fact that it represents an important and unbalancing deviation from two basic principles of law: the principle of public justice and the principle of equality of the parties, rendering an unquestionable position of contractual domination of the employer, making clear that the labour contract is a legal act of Private Law. In this way, we are faced with a genuine private punitive power, whereby a contracting party may punish the other party if it considers that it has committed any disciplinary offense. We are convinced that with a system inspired by the Conseil de prud`hommes, we could hope to promote a concerted and equitable solution to labour disputes, a principle which must always guide Labour Law.
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Direito do trabalho Poder disciplinar Justiça Igualdade das partes Poder punitivo Conseil de prud'hommes Teses de mestrado - 2021