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Abstract(s)
Na primeira parte desta tese são identificados e analisados os problemas
associados à navegação da carreira da Índia no trajecto entre os Açores e Lisboa,
se bem que estando integrados numa problemática mais geral da rota global e das
próprias relações políticas e económicas de Portugal com outros reinos europeus.
Não esquecendo as debilidades da construção naval, a degradação estrutural das
embarcações e a sua sobrecarga com mercadorias, assim como as condicionantes
da vida a bordo dos navios, veremos como esses aspectos pesavam fortemente no
sucesso das viagens, tornando ainda mais difícil a chegada a Lisboa. Aos perigos
ligados ao decurso da navegação e da própria realidade da geografia física,
podendo levar a naufrágios e a encalhes, somava-se o risco de encontro com
corsários e piratas, cuja presença entre os Açores e a costa portuguesa revelou-se
bastante activa. Outros problemas surgiam com o descaminho e o contrabando de
mercadorias, não apenas de especiarias mas também de escravos.
Por sua vez, na segunda parte estudaremos as medidas adoptadas pela
Coroa para tentar combater os problemas atrás indicados. Isso passará pela
existência de estruturas de apoio à navegação, de um sistema de defesa e de
informação, bem como pela promulgação de legislação. Assim, veremos os Açores
como local fundamental de escala da carreira da Índia, mas também Cascais a
prestar um apoio final inevitável, inclusive através dos pilotos locais. No plano
defensivo as armadas da costa e das ilhas tinham um papel basilar, do mesmo
modo que a construção de fortificações ajudou a impedir ataques inimigos e
beneficiou a protecção que se pretendia dar aos navios que regressavam a
Portugal, marcando a paisagem cultural marítima. Para se estabelecer comunicação
entre os Açores e Lisboa e manter actualizado o sistema defensivo, havia um
sistema de informação em funcionamento baseado no envio de navios de aviso.
Algumas das notícias que circulavam vinham directamente do estrangeiro, onde os
espiões ao serviço de Portugal iam recolhendo dados sobre o destino das armadas
de corsários ou outras que se preparavam para diferentes territórios ultramarinos.
Por fim, veremos a promulgação de legislação como forma de tentar evitar o
descaminho e o contrabando de mercadorias, assim como outras medidas tomadas
de forma extraordinária.
In the first part of this thesis, the difficulties associated with the navigation of the carreira da Índia on the route between the Azores and Lisbon are identified and analysed, although these are integrated into a more general problem of the global route and of Portugal's own political and economic relations with other European kingdoms. Without forgetting the weaknesses of shipbuilding, the structural degradation of vessels and the fact of these being often overloaded with merchandise, as well as the constraints of life on board of the ships, we will see how these aspects weighed heavily on the success of the trips, making it even more difficult to arrive to Lisbon. In addition to the dangers linked to the course of navigation and the very reality of physical geography, which could lead to shipwrecks and embankments, there was a risk of encounter with corsairs and pirates, whose presence between the Azores and the Portuguese coast proved to be very active. Other problems arose with the loss and smuggling of goods, not only of spices but also of slaves. On the second part the focus will be placed on the measures taken by the Crown to try to combat the aforementioned problems. This will involve support structures for shipping, a defense and information system, and the enactment of legislation. Thus, we will see the Azores as a fundamental stopover location of the carreira da Índia, but also Cascais providing an inevitable final support, including through the local navigators. On the defensive level, the coastal and the island's navy forces had played a fundamental role, just as the construction of fortifications helped prevent enemy attacks and benefited the protection that was intended to provide to ships returning to Portugal, determining the maritime cultural landscape. In order to establish communication between the Azores and Lisbon and keep the defense system up to date, there was an information system in place based on sending warning ships. Some of the news that circulated came directly from abroad, where the spies at Portugal's service were collecting data on the fate of the corsairs' navy forces or others that were preparing for different overseas territories. Finally, we will see the enactment of legislation as a way of trying to prevent the loss and smuggling of goods, as well as other extraordinary measures.
In the first part of this thesis, the difficulties associated with the navigation of the carreira da Índia on the route between the Azores and Lisbon are identified and analysed, although these are integrated into a more general problem of the global route and of Portugal's own political and economic relations with other European kingdoms. Without forgetting the weaknesses of shipbuilding, the structural degradation of vessels and the fact of these being often overloaded with merchandise, as well as the constraints of life on board of the ships, we will see how these aspects weighed heavily on the success of the trips, making it even more difficult to arrive to Lisbon. In addition to the dangers linked to the course of navigation and the very reality of physical geography, which could lead to shipwrecks and embankments, there was a risk of encounter with corsairs and pirates, whose presence between the Azores and the Portuguese coast proved to be very active. Other problems arose with the loss and smuggling of goods, not only of spices but also of slaves. On the second part the focus will be placed on the measures taken by the Crown to try to combat the aforementioned problems. This will involve support structures for shipping, a defense and information system, and the enactment of legislation. Thus, we will see the Azores as a fundamental stopover location of the carreira da Índia, but also Cascais providing an inevitable final support, including through the local navigators. On the defensive level, the coastal and the island's navy forces had played a fundamental role, just as the construction of fortifications helped prevent enemy attacks and benefited the protection that was intended to provide to ships returning to Portugal, determining the maritime cultural landscape. In order to establish communication between the Azores and Lisbon and keep the defense system up to date, there was an information system in place based on sending warning ships. Some of the news that circulated came directly from abroad, where the spies at Portugal's service were collecting data on the fate of the corsairs' navy forces or others that were preparing for different overseas territories. Finally, we will see the enactment of legislation as a way of trying to prevent the loss and smuggling of goods, as well as other extraordinary measures.
Description
Keywords
Rotas comerciais - Ásia - séc.16-17 Comércio - Portugal - Índia - séc.16-17 Pirataria marítima - Atlântico (Oceâno; nordeste) - séc.16-17 Navegação - Portugal - séc.16-17 - História Defesa das costas (Ciência militar) - Portugal - séc.16-17 Portugal - Relações económicas externas - séc.16-17 Descobrimentos geográficos portugueses - séc.16-17 Teses de doutoramento - 2020