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Abstract(s)
A farmácia comunitária é um local de destaque na prestação de cuidados de saúde primários. O farmacêutico comunitário pode intervir junto da população saudável através de rastreios. Os rastreios [N.B. screening] têm vindo a ser cada vez mais utilizados na prevenção em saúde e já se realizam em muitas farmácias. No entanto, existe ainda uma grande diversidade de rastreios de potencial utilização por explorar. Pretende-se com esta revisão apresentar alguns deles. Ao longo desta monografia são abordados dois tipos de testes de rastreios descritos na literatura – os questionários e os testes rápidos de diagnóstico [N.B. Point of Care], nomeadamente, testes tira-teste, dispositivos tecnológicos e genómicos. Entre os primeiros destaca-se a sua utilidade no rastreio da síndrome da apneia do sono onde existe evidência que a realização de um questionário validado permite a deteção precoce de uma patologia, que é associada a um elevado risco cardiovascular. Na vasta oferta de testes Point of Care salientam-se os testes rápidos que identificam a etiologia bacteriana ou viral de infeções respiratórias do trato superior, o que permite não só orientar a decisão clínica na prescrição de antibióticos como contribui também para a prevenção das resistências a estes. Em relação aos dispositivos tecnológicos, estes têm inúmeras aplicações nas doenças cardiovasculares, nomeadamente no rastreio da fibrilhação auricular, cuja deteção precoce contribui para uma redução significativa do número de eventos cerebrovasculares. Já a realização de rastreios farmacogenómicos permite identificar polimorfismos genéticos que influenciam o sucesso de uma terapêutica. Desta forma, através de tratamentos personalizados é possível aumentar a taxa de resposta a um medicamento e diminuir a ocorrência de reações adversas. Estes são apenas alguns exemplos dos muitos rastreios que podem ser realizados numa farmácia comunitária por farmacêuticos. Assim sendo, a farmácia pode ser um espaço privilegiado para desenvolver programas de prevenção e promoção à saúde, mas ainda há muito por fazer.
The community pharmacy is an ideal place for the provision of primary health care. The community pharmacist can provide numerous services including screening the healthy population. These have been increasingly used in health prevention and are already applied in many pharmacies. However, there are countless screening tests that have not yet been explored in the community pharmacy. This review is intended to introduce some of those tests. Throughout this paper, we addressed two types of screening tests described in the literature - the questionnaires and the Point of Care tests, which can be divided into test strips, technological and genomic devices. The first ones can be used in different diseases, for example the screening of sleep apnea syndrome which is associated with a high cardiovascular risk, where there is evidence that a validated questionnaire allows the early detection of the condition. The wide range of Point of Care tests includes rapid tests to use in infectious diseases. They allow the identification of the bacterial or viral etiology of upper tract respiratory infections that not only can guide the clinical decision in prescribing antibiotics but also contributes to the prevention of their resistance. Regarding the technological devices, they enable a lot of uses in cardiovascular diseases. One of its applications can be in atrial fibrillation screening, which early detection has been shown to contribute for an evident reduction of cerebrovascular events. Through the genomic devices, pharmacogenetics screening can be performed making possible the identification of genetic polymorphisms that can influence the success of a therapy. Thus, by administering personalized treatments, it can be possible the increasing of the drug’s response and the reduction of adverse effects. These are just a few examples of the many screenings that can be performed at a community pharmacy by pharmacists. Therefore, the pharmacy can be a privileged place to carry out prevention and health promotion programs, but there is still so much that have to be done.
The community pharmacy is an ideal place for the provision of primary health care. The community pharmacist can provide numerous services including screening the healthy population. These have been increasingly used in health prevention and are already applied in many pharmacies. However, there are countless screening tests that have not yet been explored in the community pharmacy. This review is intended to introduce some of those tests. Throughout this paper, we addressed two types of screening tests described in the literature - the questionnaires and the Point of Care tests, which can be divided into test strips, technological and genomic devices. The first ones can be used in different diseases, for example the screening of sleep apnea syndrome which is associated with a high cardiovascular risk, where there is evidence that a validated questionnaire allows the early detection of the condition. The wide range of Point of Care tests includes rapid tests to use in infectious diseases. They allow the identification of the bacterial or viral etiology of upper tract respiratory infections that not only can guide the clinical decision in prescribing antibiotics but also contributes to the prevention of their resistance. Regarding the technological devices, they enable a lot of uses in cardiovascular diseases. One of its applications can be in atrial fibrillation screening, which early detection has been shown to contribute for an evident reduction of cerebrovascular events. Through the genomic devices, pharmacogenetics screening can be performed making possible the identification of genetic polymorphisms that can influence the success of a therapy. Thus, by administering personalized treatments, it can be possible the increasing of the drug’s response and the reduction of adverse effects. These are just a few examples of the many screenings that can be performed at a community pharmacy by pharmacists. Therefore, the pharmacy can be a privileged place to carry out prevention and health promotion programs, but there is still so much that have to be done.
Description
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2019
Keywords
Mass Screening Community pharmacy services Health promotion Questionnaires Point-of-care testing Mestrado Integrado - 2019