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Dano animal na legislação do Brasil e de Portugal : fundamentos, caracterização e reparação
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Há algumas décadas firmou-se o entendimento filosófico de que o preconceito baseado na espécie – o denominado especismo – é errado e a condição senciente dos animais demanda a revisão da histórica relação homem-animal, bem como o questionamento quanto à legitimidade das diversas formas de exploração e escravidão dos animais. No campo do Direito, tal concepção restou materializada na vedação de violências injustificadas e tamanha foi a expansão legislativa nos últimos anos e a intensificação dos debates doutrinários que hoje já se fala na emergência de um novo ramo jurídico: o Direito Animal. Apesar da constante evolução no domínio público, apenas recentemente o tema passou a ganhar a devida atenção na seara do direito privado, notadamente para efeito de alteração do estatuto jurídico do animal, a fim de promover a coerência do sistema quanto ao propalado princípio da senciência animal. Com a descoisificação do animal e a consideração dos seus interesses fundamentais nas relações privadas, a propriedade sobre animais ganhou uma distinta e peculiar conformação. Mas, para além da disciplina dos direitos reais e da relação possessória, cabe agora discutir sobre as consequências da violação do dever de respeito que decorre da afirmada natureza sensível dos animais e o necessário reconhecimento de um novo tipo de dano, consubstanciado na imposição injusta de intenso sofrimento a um ser senciente não-humano. Considerando a tradicional estrutura de regulação das relações privadas, a definição do regime de responsabilidade civil animal enfrentará as mesmas dificuldades que ainda repousam sobre a eleição do status civil do animal e o correspondente regime jurídico. Nada obstante, tais dificuldades não podem impedir que a violação de um interesse devidamente resguardado pela ordem jurídica mereça uma justa resposta que proporcione a reparação do dano e o sancionamento do seu autor, a fim de cumprir com a tripla missão da responsabilidade civil – reparação, prevenção e punição – e, com isso, auxiliar na tutela de um valor fundamental da sociedade hodierna.
From a few decades ago, it was established a philosophical understanding that species-based prejudice – the so-called speciesism – has been wrong and the sentient condition of animals demands the revision of the historical relationship between man and animal, as well as the questioning of the legitimacy of the various forms of animals exploitation and slavery. In the fields of Law, such conception remained materialized in the prohibition of unjustified violence, and such was the legislative expansion in recent years and the increasing of doctrinal debates that, today, the emergence of a new legal branch is in frequent discussion: Animal Law. Despite the constant evolution of the public domain, only recently, the subject has been given due attention in the field of private law, notably for the purpose of changing the legal status of the animal, in order to promote coherence of the system regarding the proclaimed principle of animal sentience. With the legal affirmation of the animal as not been a thing and the consideration of its fundamental interests in private relations, property over animals has gained a distinct and peculiar conformation. But beyond the discipline of rights and possessions, it is now necessary to discuss the consequences of the violation of the duty of respect arising from the allegedly sensitive nature of the animals and the necessary recognition of a new type of harm, reinforcing the unjust imposition of intense suffering to a sentient non-human being. Considering the traditional structure of regulation of private relations, the definition of the regime of animal civil liability will face the same difficulties that still rest on the election of the civil status of the animal and the corresponding legal regime. Such difficulties must not, however, prevent a breach of an interest duly protected by the legal order from being properly answered in order to remedy the damage and punish its author in order to comply with the threefold civil liability - repair, prevention and punishment - and thereby assist in the protection of one of the fundamental values of modern society.
From a few decades ago, it was established a philosophical understanding that species-based prejudice – the so-called speciesism – has been wrong and the sentient condition of animals demands the revision of the historical relationship between man and animal, as well as the questioning of the legitimacy of the various forms of animals exploitation and slavery. In the fields of Law, such conception remained materialized in the prohibition of unjustified violence, and such was the legislative expansion in recent years and the increasing of doctrinal debates that, today, the emergence of a new legal branch is in frequent discussion: Animal Law. Despite the constant evolution of the public domain, only recently, the subject has been given due attention in the field of private law, notably for the purpose of changing the legal status of the animal, in order to promote coherence of the system regarding the proclaimed principle of animal sentience. With the legal affirmation of the animal as not been a thing and the consideration of its fundamental interests in private relations, property over animals has gained a distinct and peculiar conformation. But beyond the discipline of rights and possessions, it is now necessary to discuss the consequences of the violation of the duty of respect arising from the allegedly sensitive nature of the animals and the necessary recognition of a new type of harm, reinforcing the unjust imposition of intense suffering to a sentient non-human being. Considering the traditional structure of regulation of private relations, the definition of the regime of animal civil liability will face the same difficulties that still rest on the election of the civil status of the animal and the corresponding legal regime. Such difficulties must not, however, prevent a breach of an interest duly protected by the legal order from being properly answered in order to remedy the damage and punish its author in order to comply with the threefold civil liability - repair, prevention and punishment - and thereby assist in the protection of one of the fundamental values of modern society.
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Palavras-chave
Direito dos animais Estatuto jurídico Propriedade de animais Protecção dos animais Responsabilidade civil Dano Teses de mestrado - 2019