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A relevância constitucional do direito à moradia adequada nas remoções forçadas fundadas em questões ambientais
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O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a relevância do direito à moradia adequada nas hipóteses em que o poder público pretende a remoção forçada de uma pessoa ou um grupo determinado, sob a alegação de violação ao ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado.
O que se pretende é a análise dos aspectos constitucionais desse fenômeno, considerando que é comum sua ocorrência, sem que o ordenamento jurídico traga uma previsão legal, regulando-o especificamente.
Tanto o direito ao ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado quanto o direito à moradia adequada são reconhecidos pelo direito internacional, bem como são previstos como direitos fundamentais sociais, muito embora isso tenha ocorrido em momentos históricos distintos.
No mesmo sentido, as remoções forçadas não podem ser consideradas isoladamente. Sua correta análise exige a compreensão de que se trata de fenômeno coletivo, já amplamente estudado como tal.
Assumindo que, nesse contexto, é possível a colisão entre os dois direitos fundamentais mencionados, a técnica da ponderação surge como a alternativa metodológica mais adequada à solução da hipótese em estudo.
A ponderação de princípios admite duas modalidades: a abstrata, que busca a criação de standards aplicáveis à generalidade das hipóteses e a concreta ou ad hoc, que analisa uma incidência concreta e específica. Considerando-se que a análise apenas de hipóteses concretas pouco acrescentaria ao tema, no último capítulo realiza-se a ponderação abstrata entre o direito à moradia adequada e o direito ao ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, nas hipóteses de remoções forçadas. Como resultado, uma vez que inexistem parâmetros já estabelecidos, sugeriram-se algumas proposições que, após debate doutrinário e jurisprudencial, possam vir a constituir parâmetros para a hipótese em estudo.
The present study aims to analyze the relevance of the right to adequate housing in cases where the public authorities intend to remove a particular person or certain group on the grounds of violation of the ecologically balanced environment. The analysis will focus on the constitutional aspects of this phenomenon, considering that it is a frequent situation which the legal framework has not provided a prognosis, in a way of regulating it definitely. The right to an ecologically balanced environment as well as the right to adequate housing are recognized by international law and both are foreseen as fundamental social rights, although the status has occurred at different historical moments. The same applies to forced removals which cannot be considered solely. A correct analysis requires that one should acknowledge that it is a collective phenomenon already widely studied as such. In this context, assuming that a conflict between the two fundamental rights above mentioned is likely to occur, the technique of weighting or balance of interests emerges as the most adequate methodological alternative to provide a solution to the hypothesis in study herein. The weighting of principles accepts two categories: the abstract one which seeks to establish a standard that should be applicable to the majority of the hypotheses and the concrete or ad hoc that analyzes a concrete and specific situation. Considering that the exclusively focus on concrete hypotheses would not substantially add to the subject, in the last chapter an abstract consideration is performed between the right to adequate housing and the right to an ecologically balanced environment in the event of forced removals. Since there are no parameters yet established, suggestions have been proposed and after a doctrinal and jurisprudential debate they may constitute parameters for the hypothesis under study.
The present study aims to analyze the relevance of the right to adequate housing in cases where the public authorities intend to remove a particular person or certain group on the grounds of violation of the ecologically balanced environment. The analysis will focus on the constitutional aspects of this phenomenon, considering that it is a frequent situation which the legal framework has not provided a prognosis, in a way of regulating it definitely. The right to an ecologically balanced environment as well as the right to adequate housing are recognized by international law and both are foreseen as fundamental social rights, although the status has occurred at different historical moments. The same applies to forced removals which cannot be considered solely. A correct analysis requires that one should acknowledge that it is a collective phenomenon already widely studied as such. In this context, assuming that a conflict between the two fundamental rights above mentioned is likely to occur, the technique of weighting or balance of interests emerges as the most adequate methodological alternative to provide a solution to the hypothesis in study herein. The weighting of principles accepts two categories: the abstract one which seeks to establish a standard that should be applicable to the majority of the hypotheses and the concrete or ad hoc that analyzes a concrete and specific situation. Considering that the exclusively focus on concrete hypotheses would not substantially add to the subject, in the last chapter an abstract consideration is performed between the right to adequate housing and the right to an ecologically balanced environment in the event of forced removals. Since there are no parameters yet established, suggestions have been proposed and after a doctrinal and jurisprudential debate they may constitute parameters for the hypothesis under study.
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Direitos fundamentais Direito à habitação Direitos sociais Ambiente Dignidade humana Expropriação Teses de mestrado - 2019